【作者】 王晓璐；

【导师】 王胜今；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 人口学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 人口老龄化是人口再生产规律作用的结果,也是人口转变之后的必然趋势。西方国家是进入老龄化社会时间最早、老龄化程度最严重的地区,也是最早建立起社会养老保险制度的地区。随着人口老龄化的日益严重,西方养老保险制度也出现了一些问题,因此,西方各国结合本国国情,对现行的养老保险制度进行改革,大体上包括:提高法定退休年龄并缩小男女退休的差距;降低养老金的发放水平;提高缴费和缴费基数;发展补充养老保险;扩大私营部门的介入。西方养老保险制度在不断的改革中趋于成熟。中国现行的养老保险制度正式确立于1997 年,但随着中国人口老龄化的发展,这个制度本身在运行过程中出现诸多的问题。针对这些问题,本文通过借鉴西方国家养老保险制度的成功经验,对完善中国养老保险制度提出了几点建议:(一)以渐进方式使养老保险制度覆盖全社会;(二)征收社会保障税并将此作为社会保障基金的主渠道;(三)实现养老保险基金的保值增值;(四)统一政策,规范养老保险基金的管理;(五)加强法制建设,确保养老保险制度有法可依;(六)偿还隐性债务,让个人账户的空账变为“部分实账”;(七)完善农村养老保险制度。更多还原

【Abstract】 The aging of population is a product brought about with the development of human society, it not only reflected the advancement of human society, but also influence every aspect such as politics, economics, culture and social life extensively and penetratingly. Providing for the aged is the most direct problem brought about to the society. This paper first of all investigated the present condition and developing trend of the aging of population in western countries, then it expounded the model of endowment insurance policy in western countries, in addition to this, it emphatically analyzed the problems facing endowment insurance in western countries and reforming trend. Finally, it raised the enlightenment to our country by judging endowment-insurance in western countries. Ⅰ. Basic theory of population aging Population aging is the inevitable process through the economic development of society. It refers to the social development process of the rising proportion of aged people among total population and the old trend of certain country or a certain area. Judging from the history of world population growth, the variation of age-structure at any time was directly dependent on the variation of birth-rate and death-rate. When there is a upward trend in birth-rate, the total amount of population expanded, proportion teenagers raised, while that of the aged declined, the age structure tend to become younger on the other side, it tend to become aged. That is to say, the reason for aging is that the continuous decline of birth-rate and death-rate as well as the prolonging of average age. While the decline of birth-rate and death-rate and the prolonging of anticipated age are the inevitable out come of social productive force development. We can say that population change is the main driving force of population aging. Ⅱ. The present condition and developing trend of western population aging Since France stepped into aging country in 1850, a number of capitalist countries such as Sweden, Norwegian, Britain, Germany and America have come one after the other. As shown by data, the number of aged above 65 in western countries only amounts to 7.9% of the total population is 1950, 9.9% in 1970,11.7% in 1980, 12.5% in 1990 while 14.1% in 2000. According to prediction, by 2020 there will be one old people above 65 out of 5 1/2 people in western countries. By 2040, the proportion of old people will reach peak, it is thus clear that the situation of aging in western countries is rather stern. Population aging in western countries has direct and indirect influence to social endowment insurance. On one hand, population aging has made the proportion of endowment-insurance in social insurance fare raise rapidly, the unceasing raise of paying standard of endowment-insurance and the uninterrupted growth have formed the predicament of income falling short of social insurance fare expenditure. On the other hand, population age has made laboring age population relatively decreased the number of employment population and endowment-based population approached. Thus, the available labor population that go in for economic activity should meet the deeds of more aged in economical and medical aspect, which is surely to affect the speed of accumulation and economic development affect the consumption standard of employed people. This can discourage the labor population and trifle the vigor of economic growth. Ⅲ. Analysis of endowment-insurance policy mode Endowment-insurance institution is a social insurance institution established according to certain law and rule to solve the basic life standard because laborers have reach the limit of removing labor obligation age prescribed by government or retired from labor post due to the lose of laborforce caused by age. At present, the current endowment-insurance mode has two major types. One is the self-insurance, government-aid endowment-insurance mode in Germany, America, Italy, Holland, Austria and Japan. The other is state-welfare endowment-insurance mode in Britain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Canada and Australia. Western endowment insurance institution has the features of early-established. Widely-covered, multi-structure, multi-form and high take-over rate. However, because of the increasing seriousness of population aging and the slow-down of economic growth, western endowment-insurance institution has some problems: high-welfare policy made financial burden heavier; high-welfare policy seriously influenced the productive initiative and recessed economic competitive force; dossal social insurance organization in western countries can manage to stably operate social insurance institution with effort, hence it brought about the problems such as over-staffed organization, low-efficiency. To solve these problems western countries performed reformation in succession, the tendency is to raise legal retirement age and reduce the retirement disparity between men and women; reduce granting standard of endowment; raise pay amount and pay base; develop and replenish endowment insurance; expand the intervention of private-owned department. Ⅳ. The inspiration of western endowment-insurance institution to our country Our current endowment-insurance institution is based on the principle of combining planning as a whole with individual accountant, its structure can be described as follows: multi-structure insurance mode, multi-channel fund-resource, the combination of social plan as a whole with individual account. It is a basic endowment-insurance institution established on the basis of: decide issued by the state council in 1997. The problem of current endowment-insurance institution are:更多还原