美国“第三党”及其政治功能

【作者】 刘海燕；

【导师】 王军；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 国际政治， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 美国的政党制度是美国政治制度的重要组成部分,处于美国政治制度的核心。但是,绝大多数研究美国政党制度的专家和学者,更多关注的是美国传统的两大政党——民主党和共和党。其实,在美国政治舞台上,除了民主党和共和党之外,还有“第三党”。第三党和两大政党伴生于美国政治环境中,具有特殊的价值与功能。本文主要从第三党的概述、产生的原因、面临的困境、政治功能及其发展趋势等方面进行研究。 在对第三党的概述中,首先界定了“第三党”的内涵,为进一步研究确定了前提。然后,把第三党和利益集团作了比较分析,避免了第三党和利益集团的混淆。在美国政治舞台上,有几十个第三党。为了解这些第三党的个性特征,抓住第三党的实质所在,本文按照不同的标准对第三党进行了分类。研究第三党的目的是为了认识美国特殊的政治制度及其各个时期的政策主张。按照第三党运动的兴衰把第三党运动分为了几个阶段,这样可以更清楚地呈现美国政治制度的特征。 关于第三党的产生,学者们想到最多和最直接的是美国政治、文化上的多元性,其实还有一些深层次的原因。本文从美国特殊的政党制度、第三党发展的法律保障、近代自由主义政治哲学的影响、美国人特殊的价值观念、美国人所具有的强烈的结社和集团倾向等多个方面进行了分析。 虽然,第三党产生的时间与两大政党不相上下,但是第三党的候选人从来没有问鼎过总统宝座。因为在美国政治环境中,第三党面临着许多困境。关于制度上的困境,许多学者已经研究得很透彻了。因此,本文主要是从学者们关注不够的大众传媒、大众心理、政治文化和第三党自身的不成熟性等方面进行阐述,以便对第三党面临的困境有一个全面的认识。 美国第三党运动从1832年的反共济会开始,伴随着美国政治、经济生活的演进,已经有近二百年的历史了。虽然第三党没有成功地问鼎总统宝座的经历,但作为美国政治舞台上现实存在的现象,它们有着自身特殊的价值与功能,如教育民众、推动民主化的进程;疏解社会的不满情绪、稳定社会和巩固两党制;对选举结果产生重要影响。第三党总统候选人虽然没有问鼎总统宝座的机会,但第更多还原

【Abstract】 The U.S. political party system, which is at the core of the U.S. political structure, is a very important component of American political system. Yet, most experts and researchers who study the U.S. political party system pay more attention to the traditional two grand parties—-the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. In fact, there are also "the Third Parties " on the American political arena besides the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Third Parties, which co-exist with the other two grand parties in the American political environments, are of special value and functions. This paper mainly deals with the brief account of the Third Parties, the reason why they came into being, the difficulties they face, the political function they perform and their developing trend.In the brief account, the author firstly defines the connotation of the Third Parties, which is the precondition for further research; secondly, makes an analytical comparison between the third parties and interest groups so that avoiding the confusion in understanding the two concepts. There are dozens of the third parties on the American political stage. In order to comprehend their individuality and essence, the author classifies them according to different criteria; and for a more clarified explanation of the characteristics of the American political system, the author divides the third party movement into several phases in the light of its ups and downs. The purpose to study the third parties is to know better the special political system in the U.S. and the policies in various periods.As to the birth of the third parties, what occurs to the scholars best and most directly is American pluralism in politics and culture. But actually some other in-depth causes also contribute to bring them into the world. In this paper the author analyzes these causes through various respects such as the special political system in the U.S., the legal guarantee for the third parties’ development, the influence of modern liberalism political philosophy, the exceptive American values, and the American’s strong preference for associations and parties.更多还原