【作者】 罗庆；

【导师】 李小建；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 区域经济学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 20 世纪 80 年代以来,企业群落的研究引起了越来越多学者的重视,他们从经济学、社会学、管理学和经济地理学等不同角度对企业群落进行了大量的理论和实证研究。但目前大多数研究都集中在群落的创新能力和竞争优势等方面,对企业群落成长方面的研究相对薄弱。近年来,虽有少数学者对企业群落的成长环境、成长过程和成长机制等方面进行研究,但大多是从理论角度进行探讨。学者们对企业群落成长问题的有意回避与群落成长研究本身的困难是分不开的。成长问题的研究涉及群落成长的整个历程,所需要的资料和数据难以获取,甚至在某些方面显得很抽象,要对其定量分析相当困难。同时,经济学、管理学和社会学等学科的理论在解释企业群落成长问题方面显现出一定的局限性,而生态学本身是研究生物群落成长问题的科学,因此,本文在总结前人的研究成果的基础上,跳出传统的经济学、管理学、经济地理学和社会学的分析框架,运用生态学思维、理论和方法对企业群落的形成与发展的环境、群落其内部各行为主体的关系以及群落成长路径和动力机制等方面进行研究,试图探求促进企业群落成长的有效途径,对丰富和完善企业群落的理论作出自己微薄的贡献。 本文由七个部分组成:第一部分提出问题。对已有的企业群落成长文献进行综述的基础上,分析了运用生态学的思维、理论和方法研究企业群落的成长问题的可行性和可操作性,提出了本文的研究方法和研究思路。 第二部分从生态学角度对企业群落,生态位、共生等几个重要的概念进行界定,为接下来的研究奠定基础。 第三部分对企业群落成长环境进行了分析。首先对环境对企业群落的总体影响进行分析。然后对主要环境因子的作用进行分析,认为自然地理环境是影响企业群落成长的所有因子中最基本的因子之一。然而,长期以来人们仅仅看到的是优越的自然条件和丰富的自然资源对企业群落成长的促进作用,相对忽视了恶劣的自然地理环境在企业群落成长过程中的重要作用。通过对社会文化环境在企业ii群落成长过程的作用分析,认为社会文化因子对企业群落的创新能力、企业群落产品的交易费用的节约和新企业的衍生等方面存在着重要的影响。在制度环境的分析过程中,本文从正规制度的角度探讨了正规制度对企业群落成长的影响,认为在一个政治和经济密不可分的世界里,离开政治谈经济似乎是不可能的。政府作为正规制度和准公共物品的提供者,在企业群落的成长过程无可避免要扮演多重角色,认为政府有着保持宏观经济和政策的稳定,改善群落环境,规范企业群落的竞争机制等方面的责任。在市场环境的分析中,认为市场在企业群落的成长过程中起着一个拉力的作用。第四部分对企业群落内部企业之间的竞争和共生关系进行了探讨。认为竞争对企业群落的创新具有促进作用,竞争对企业群落创新的影响主要表现在企业之间的追赶效应放大了企业间竞争压力以及竞争所导致的企业生态位差异为创新创造了条件两个方面。竞争还可以塑造企业群落的内部结构,主要表现在丰富了企业群落产品类型和增强了企业尤其是技术水平低的中小企业个体功能的专业化与特色化两个方面。在共生关系的探讨过程中,本文认为共生具有促进新企业的衍生、推动群落内部的学习创新、提高企业改变小生境的能力以及增强企业群落的抗风险能力等方面的作用。第五部分运用自组织理论对企业群落的成长过程和成长机制进行分析,认为涨落(干扰)是企业群落成长、演化的诱因和契机,涨落力是企业群落成长的原始动力,而企业群落充分开放和远离平衡点是企业群落成长演化的必要条件。推动企业群落实现演进是企业群落内各企业之间非线性的相互作用。竞争与共生的相互作用和相互转化是群落成长与演进的动力和源泉。第六部分以河南省长垣县魏庄镇起重机械企业群落为例,在实际调研的基础上,对第三、四、五部分所提出的观点进行实证研究。从不利的生存环境、薄弱的传统制度、开明的地方政府、儒家文化和家族制度以及改革开放以来广阔的市场需求等方面分析了它们在魏庄镇起重机械企业群落的成长过程中的作用,阐述了群落内企业间的竞争和共生在新企业的衍生、交易费用的节约和产品创新等方更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the 1980s the enterprise community’s research has caught the more and more scholars’ attention, and they have carried on the massive theoretic and the experiential research to the enterprise community from the economics, the sociology, the management science and the economic geography and so on. However, the present majority research focuses on the innovative ability and competitive advantage of the community, and it is relatively weak to the research of the enterprise community growth. In recent years, although have the minority scholars begun researching the growth environment, the growth process and the growth mechanism of enterprise community and so on, most research carry on the discussion from the theoretic angle. The scholars intend to avoid studying the growth of enterprise community, which are connected closely with the difficulty of the community growth research. The research of growth question involves the entire course of the community growth, consequently it confronted much difficulty in gaining the necessary material and data, and even appears very abstract in certain aspects. As a result, there are many difficulties in the quantitative analysis of community growth. At the same time, the theory of these disciplines such as economics, management science and sociology is deficiency in explaining the growth of enterprise community, but ecology is the science studying the growth of biological community. Therefore, this paper is based on the predecessor’s works, jumps out of the traditional analytical frames of economics, management science, economic geography and sociology, applies the thoughts, the theories and the methods of ecology to research the growth environment of enterprise community, and the relationship between the agencies in the community, as well as the way and power mechanism of the community growth, and attempts to seek the effective ways which promotes the growth of the enterprise community. The aim of this paper makes the theories of the enterprise community more rich and perfect. This paper consists of seven parts. The first part puts forward the research topic of the paper. Based on the present literature of the enterprise community growth, this part analyzes the feasibility and operability with the thoughts, the theories and the methods of ecology to research the growth of enterprise community, and thus proposes the clue and method of this paper. The second part defines several important concepts such as the enterprise community, the ecological niche, the symbiosis from the ecological angle, which lays the foundation on the following research. The third part carries on the analysis to the growth environment of the enterprise community. The part analyzes the environment to the overall influence of the enterprise community, and then analyzes the function of the main environmental factors. The paper explains that the natural environment is one of the most basic factors affecting the growth of the enterprise community in all the factors. However, the people merely observe that both the superior natural condition and the rich natural resource affecting the growth of the enterprise community for a long time, and relatively neglect that the bad environment plays an important role in the growth process of the enterprise community; Through the analysis of the social and cultural environment in the growth of the enterprise community, the paper argues that the social and cultural factor has an important impact on the innovative ability, transaction cost and the spin-offs in enterprise community; In the analysis of the institutional environment, this paper discusses that formal institution has the effect on the growth of the enterprise community, and argues that it is impossible to discuss without touching the politics in the world combining compactly politics with economics. The government, as the provider of the formal institutions and quasi-pubic goods, will inevitably play the multiple role in the growth of enterprise community. It should maintain the stability ofmacroscopic economy更多还原