【作者】 张永强；

【导师】 赵志模； 丁伟；

【作者基本信息】 西南农业大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 姜黄在中药应用中具有抑制癌细胞发生和增长、消炎、抗爱滋病、抗氧化、预防抽搐、抑菌、杀寄生虫和杀虫、杀线虫活性。目前在农业上使用的杀螨剂中多数是高效、低毒的化合物,也较易分解,但它们中的大多数都是神经毒剂,对哺乳动物和生态环境的影响不容忽视。而在无公害植物性杀螨剂研究方面,仅有少许文献报道,也多集中在植物提取物的杀螨活性方面,而对姜黄杀螨方面研究还未见报道。本项研究选择姜黄做为研究对象是在大量的生物测定工作的基础上确立的,旨在能从中寻找一种或多种有杀螨活性的物质,为开发具有市场前景的植物源杀螨剂奠定基础。通过2年多的努力,获得了以下主要研究成果: 1.姜黄杀虫杀螨活性初步研究 利用平行提取和顺序提取法（以溶剂极性大小的顺序）获得了姜黄的平行和顺序提取物,系统研究了姜黄的正己烷、苯、乙醚和甲醇等溶剂的顺序和平行提取物对朱砂叶螨的生物活性。室内测定结果表明,对不同顺序提取物稀释100倍,测定其对朱砂叶螨的触杀毒力（72h）,结果表明:姜黄的顺序提取物中,正己烷和苯提取物对朱砂叶螨的校正死亡率均为100%;在平行提取中,正己烷、苯、乙醚、甲醇和水提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀毒力,72h的LC₅₀分别为0.7753,0.0993,0.9855,0.7873和0.8384 g·L^-1。 姜黄顺序提取物对玉米象的的熏蒸作用不强。相比较而言,弱极性溶剂提取物对玉米象的熏蒸作用相对较强。在姜黄的顺序提取物中,正己烷提取物对粘虫的拒食作用最强,拒食率达100%,而在处理后72h的校正死亡率为37.21%;苯提取物的拒食作用相对较强,校正死亡率是最高的。姜黄平行提取物对嗜卷书虱的熏蒸作用相对较强,其中甲醇提取物的活性最高,24h的校正死亡率为91.53%。石油醚和苯提取物对玉米蚜有较强的触杀作用。 2.姜黄杀螨活性物质的提取分离与杀螨活性评价 利用柱层析分离得到三种姜黄素类化合物单体,包括姜黄素C、去甲氧基姜黄素DMC和双去甲氧基姜黄素BDMC,并对这些化合物的对朱砂叶螨成螨、若螨、卵的触杀活性以及对朱砂叶螨成螨产卵抑制作用进行了探讨。结果表明:总体而言,三种单体对朱砂叶螨的生物活性大小顺序为双去甲氧基姜黄素BDMC>去甲氧基姜黄素DMC>姜黄素C。其中24h和72h三种单体化合物对朱砂叶螨成螨触杀活性最高者为双去甲氧基姜黄素,其LC₅₀分别为1.1755和0.3789 g·L^-1。对若螨触杀活性的大体趋势与对成螨的相同,其中48h去甲氧基姜黄素对若螨的LC₅₀最小,为2.4091 g·L^-1。 姜黄酮及去姜黄酮精油对朱砂叶螨都具有较强的触杀活性,并且无论从LC₅₀或LC₉₅来看,48h和72h的致死浓度间相差甚微,这说明其毒力在时间方向上变化并不明显,具有一定的速效性。这也证明除姜黄酮具有拒食活性外,对朱砂叶螨还具有触杀活性,并且在姜黄精油中除姜黄酮外还有其他成分具杀螨活性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Curcuma longa L. is a plant of Indian origin commonly used in Asiatic cultures for several hundreds as a spice named turmeric. As the development of sci-technology, the function of turmeric had been beyond traditional medicine konown by human beings. The main component is curcumin, one of the active ingredients responsible for its biological activity. Curcumin is a major yellow pigment in turmeric （the ground rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn）, which is widely used as a spice and coloring agent in several foods, such as curry, mustard and potato chips, as well as cosmetics and drugs. A wide range of biological and pharmacological activities of curcumin has been investigated. Curcumin is a potent inhibitor of mutagenesis and chemically induced carcinogenesis. It possesses many therapeutic properties including anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Curcumin is currently attracting strong attention due to its antioxidant potential as well as its relatively low toxicity to rodents. Curcuminoids also exhibited antioxidant activities in some in vitro lipid peroxidation systems and suppressed 12-Otetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced hydrogen peroxide production and oxidized DNA formation in the mouse epidermis. Curcumin is an inhibitor of neutrophil responses and superoxide generation in macrophages.The main miticide used in agriculture was mostly high effective and low toxicity compounds, the most of which were liable to degrade, however mcst of them were all nervous toxicity compound. There were a few documents concerned naught social effects of pollution botanical miticides and mostly focused on plant extracts, but there was no doucument mentioned turmeric till now. Based on a lot of bioassay jobs, turmeric was selected as research object. Through this study, one or more miticidal activity compounds were found in turmeric. And the fulfillment of all these jobs can help explore one botanical miticide or at least prepare for developing miticide. After 2 years study, the main results are as follows:1 The primary estimate of insecticidal and miticidal activities of turmericThe acarcidal bioactivities against Tetranychus cinnabarinus of hexane, benzene, ether, methanol sequential and parallel extracts from Chinese traditional medicine Curcuma longa were carried about in this paper. The results showed that at 1% concentration, treatment after 72h, the corrected mortality of hexane and benzene extract from C. longa against T. cinnabarinus was both 100%. Treatment after 72h, in the parallel extract, the LC50 of hexane, benzene, ether, methanol and water extract from C. longa was 0.7753,0.0993,0.9S55,0.7873 and 0.8384gL-l, respectively.The fumigation action of turmeric sequential extracts against Sitophilus zeamais was weak. Comparing with all extracts, the fumigation action of low polarity extracts against S. zeamais was stronger than the high polarity extracts. Among the sequential extracts of turmeric, the antifeedant action of hexane extracts was highest, the antifeedant rate was 100% and the corrected mortality after exposure 72h was 37.21%. The parallel extracts of turmeric all had high fumigation action against Liposcelis bostrychophila. The highest fumigation activity of methanol extract among all of parallel extracts was highest and corrected mortality after 24h was 91.53%. There was stronger contact action against Rhopalosiphum maidis in petroleum ether and benzene extracts.2. The extraction and separation of turmeric miticidal activity compounds and their miticide action evaluationThe curcumin crude extracts was separated by silica gel colum chromatography, and we received three group compounds, which was identified as curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin by TLC with standard sample. The contact action of adult, nymph and egg of T. cinnabarinus and the oviposit inhibition of adult mites of three curcuminoinds monomers curcumin （C）, demethoxucurcumin （DMC） and bisdemethoxycurcumin （BDMC） were also conducted in this paper. The results showed mat the biological activities of contact action and oviposit inhibition of three monomers against T. cinnabarinus was BDMODMOC. All of which, the best of contact action against adult T. cinnabarinus among three monomers was BDMC and the LC₅0 at 24h and 72h was 1.1755 and 0.3789 g-L’1, respectively. The general tendency of contactaction against nymph T. cinnabarinus was same to adult, of which LC₅0 at 48h was 2.4091 g-L^-1.Turmerone and essential oils without turmerone showed higher contact action against T. cinnabarinus. From either LC50 or LC95, both 48h and 72h mortality concentration showed little difference. This illuminated that the toxicity followed with time showed little evidence and made out certain quick result. This also proved turmerone had both antifeedant effect and contact action against T. cinnabarinus. In this study we also testified there were other miticidal activity compounds besides turmerone.更多还原