【作者】 赵素芬；

【导师】 刘建新； 崔绍荣；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 农业生物环境与能源工程， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 随着农业结构调整和农业产业化的推进,规模化、集约化畜禽养殖业的迅猛发展,规模由小到大,范围由点到面,成为发展农村经济和农民致富的重要途径之一,但由于畜禽养殖业管理薄弱和农业与养殖业脱节,致使大量畜禽粪便、污染物随意排放和流失,不仅对水体、土壤及空气造成了污染,影响了人们的健康,破坏了农业生态环境,而且成为畜禽养殖业可持续性发展的瓶颈。 堆肥是一种好氧发酵处理畜禽粪便的方法,是在人工控制下,在一定的水分、C/N比和通风条件下通过微生物的发酵作用,将有机物转变成肥料的过程。在这种堆肥化过程中,有机物由稳定状态转化为稳定的腐殖质物质,用作肥料和改良土壤。畜禽粪便堆肥化处理制成有机肥,对保护生态环境,推动农业可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。 我国有74%的耕地土壤缺磷,表现在土壤全磷含量丰富,而有效性较低。原因在于矿质磷肥施入土壤后,无论是酸性或石灰性土壤,磷的固定作用非常明显,因此无机磷的移动性很小,当季利用率仅为10%—25%,是作物产量的重要限制因子。在堆肥过程中有机物分解产生的有机酸,它们对难溶性磷具有较强的活化作用,同时,加入的无机磷有相当部分转化在有机磷的形态,提高了磷的有效性和利用率,对缓解磷的供需矛盾提供新途径。本文针对磷在堆肥过程变化规律的研究,主要分为以下几个部分: 第一章 详细论述了畜禽粪便的环境污染危害及其处理状况:堆肥化处理原理及国内外研究现状;磷的环境危害性及循环利用的必要性。同时鉴于现阶段的研究进展,提出了本论文的研究任务。 第二章 主要阐述了堆肥实验装置的设计过程,包括该装置的物理结构及通风系统的设计,主要以热平衡原理计算装置的最小体积,在此基础上确定装置的体积,同时还在理论上计算了堆肥的通风量及风机的选型,以便研究静态好氧堆肥技术,及在堆肥过程中微生物的环境控制,为进行快速高效堆肥提供理论依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 With adjustment of the agriculture structure and the development of its industrialization, large-scale and intensive livestock farm has rapidly developed. The dimension is from small to large, and the area is from point to surface, which makes the country economy improve. Because of the poor management of the livestock farm and its disjointing with agriculture, a large amount of the livestock wastes are disposed at random, which pollutes the water, soil and air, effects the health of people, destroys the biological environment, and disturbs the further development of the livestock industry.Composting is one of ways to handle the wastes, which is a fermentation process under the conditions with appropriate moisture, C/N ratio, and oxygen. During the process the organic materials will be turned to the stable humus, which can be used as fertilizer and amend for the plant soil. Thus the pig manure changing into the organic fertilizer is important way to protect biological environment and promote the sustainable development of the agriculture.74% plant soil lacks available phosphorus in our country, but there has abundant total phosphorus. The P fertilizer can be easily rooted by the acidic or alkalescent soil. The inorganic P hardly moves in soil and the utilization rate of inorganic P is about 10% to 25%, so the P fertilizer is a limited factor to the plant output. During the composting the organic material can produce organic acid, which has active action for the insoluble P and can partly change inorganic P into organic P. The composting can improve the validity and utilization rate, and provide a new way to solve the contraction of P supple-demand. According to the study of the rule of the changingof P during the composting, this paper has some parts as follows:The first chapter narrates the pollution of the pig manure, the principle of the composting and its development in the country and overseas, the pollution to the environment of the P and its necessary of recycle utilization on detail. At the end the task based on the current study is put forward.In the second chapter, the experiment equipment is designed which includes physic structure and aeration system. According to the thermal balance, the minimum volume was confirmed and the equipment’ s volume was set up. Meanwhile ventilation rate was calculated in theory, and the fan type was set in order to study the static aerobic composting that can offer the theory of controlling the microbe environment.In the third chapter, the variety of the organic matter, temperature, pH, and C/N ratio during the composting are studied. Results indicate that the temperature goes through four stages, such as temperature rising, heat preservation, temperature decreasing and stable stage. The highest temperature reaches 67. 9°C, and there are fourteen days that the temperature keeps above 55°C, which satisfy the demand for no harm to plant. During the initial of the composting, the pH is about 6. 5, with the temperature rising, organic acid being decomposed and transferred, the pH is rising to about 8. 5. At the end of the composting the humus is produced and the pH comes down to neutral salt range. The moisture is decreased during the whole process and keeps stable about 48%. The organic matter and C/N ratio are also reduced with the days of composting.In the fourth chapter , aerobic and thermophilic composting of pig manure, which is added 0%, 5%, 7. 5%, 10% superphosphate based on the wet quantity of the composting respectively are studied. Results indicate that available P increased to 45%, 59%, and 62% respectively and a quite part of the superphosphate was changed into organic phosphorus. The rate of solubilization P is correlated with C/P of更多还原