【作者】 蒋海燕；

【导师】 刘敏； 许世远；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 自然地理学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 城市是人类活动与自然环境相互作用的典型区域,是人类活动最为强烈的区域（张甘霖等,2003）。目前,大量自然和农业土壤被城市的扩展而占用,城市化背景下的城市土壤和灰尘质量的演变以及这种演变所带来的生态和环境效应是研究人类活动与环境关系问题的重要组成部分,也是研究城市可持续发展管理的基础。因此,城市土壤和地表灰尘这一系统内氮、磷和重金属的空间分布、迁移转化及其影响机制已经成为当前城市生态环境研究的前沿问题。 在上海市环保局重点攻关项目“土壤污染调查及处理与管理对策研究”的支持下,本文以上海中心城区为典型研究区域,以城市可渗透的土壤和没有渗透吸收功能人工封闭的地表灰尘为研究对象,主要研究城市土壤和地表灰尘的污染来源、主要污染物、污染状况等,并且根据以上研究结果,进行环境污染健康评价,同时根据城市发展的实际情况提出土壤和灰尘污染管理制度、政策等,以期全面、有效、合理的管理城市土壤和地表灰尘污染,确保居民的身体健康与城市生态环境的良好发展。这是首次针对上海中心城区土壤和地表灰尘环境特征进行系统的研究,主要的认识和研究成果如下: （1）本文采用地统计学方法进行样品的采集与空间分布特征分析。目前,将地统计学与城市社会状况、生态环境的有机结合,开展城市土壤和地表灰尘的系统研究,是国际先进的研究领域。 （2）运用SURFER7.0软件,采用克立格插值法,研究发现,上海城市土壤中的氮和磷空间累积含量差异性很大,可能是原母质污染状况和人为因素的影响;上海城市地表灰尘中氮和磷含量的空间分布差异性大,可能是远距离迁移和近距离人为污染共同影响。上海城市土壤和地表灰尘的污染来源和理化参数等诸多因素影响污染物的空间分布特征。 （3）城市土壤和地表灰尘磷酸盐的吸附解吸动力学研究发现,上海城市土壤和地表灰尘对磷酸盐(PO₄^3--P)的等温吸附曲线符合修正的Langmuir方程。在自然条件下,即使在酸雨（pH<4.5）的条件下,酸碱度效应对上海城市不同功能区土壤和地表灰尘磷酸盐吸附量与解吸量的影响都较小;在不同固液比条件下,当固液比较大时,上海城市不同功能区土壤和地表灰尘磷酸盐以解吸为主的趋势越明显。城市土壤和地表灰尘磷酸盐吸附解吸动力学研究可作为预测城市土壤和地表灰尘中磷流失风险和对水环境影响程度的评估依据,是城市生态系统研究的重要组成部分,是城市人体健康的评价因素。更多还原

【Abstract】 Human activities, in general, exert a substantial impact on the environment. In particular, population and industrial center in the urban area pollute the air, water and soil, causing a decline in the quality of the environment. Under urbanization, the quality of urban soils and dusts and the effects of ecology and environment are the important parts of urban ecosystem and human health, and the basis of management on urban continuable development, during the extending of urban area. So the research on distribution,transportation and effect factors on nitrogen,phosphorus and heavy metal from urban soils and dusts is a hot issue on the urban ecosystem.The present study focuses on the urban area of Shanghai, reporting the pollution sources, main contamination elements and the environmental situation of urban soils and dusts. Nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metal contaminations of the environment have been and continue to be a world wide phenomenon that has attracted a great deal of attention from governmental and regulatory bodies anxious to prevent further environmental deterioration and to assess the potential health risks, which can be the basis to protect the urban ecosystem and human health. The following conclusions can be drawn:(1) In order to identify patterns in the spatial distribution of soil and dust variable, it is essential to present soil and dust survey data in the form of a map. Mapping contamination distribution allows immediate appreciation of the change in the contaminant with space and enables identification of areas that may contain hazardous concentrations. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of a contaminant is essential for site assessment and any subsequent risk assessment. Kriging is a spatial prediction method, which is designed to minimize the estimation variance and has the desirable feature of providing a measure of the uncertainty associated with predictions. It is an advanced field to research urban soils and dusts contamination by connecting Kriging and the ecological situation of Shanghai.(2) Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were used as the input data for a grid-based contouring map, to study the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus in urban soils and dusts. The software used for the geochemical mapping was SURFER7.0. A geostatistics method called Kriging was adopted for the interpolation of geographical data. By using this, a serious difference for nitrogenand phosphorus from urban soils can be shown, because of the raw material and anthropic influence, and there were obvious difference on urban dusts, which is the result of the long distance transportation and human activities. The physio-chemical parameters in soils and dusts were the primary factors controlling the concentrations and spatial distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus.(3) This study also used information from the Langmuir-isotherm equation to describe the chemical mechanism of P-sorption reactions by soils/dusts. A series of laboratory experiments was carried out to quantify physical and chemical factors that control the level of soluble P in urban soils and dusts. As variations of pH is known to have a little influence to the adsorption and desorption process of P. For the water-to-soil/dust ratio, higher water-to-soil/dust ratio can lead to the decrease of desorption concentration, which meets the power isotherms. The phosphate desorption-absorption kinetic charcterictics can reflect the situation of urban water systems and the risk of human health.(4) The sources of the different elements in urban soils and dusts are typically common to most urban environments (traffic, heating systems, industry, natural substrate, etc), but their intensities and patterns of distribution vary accordingly to the peculiarities of each city. In the case of Shanghai urban area, traffic and industry activities are the important sources of heavy metal pollution. The physical and chemical factors, such as pH, grain size and TOC, control the level of trace element in urban soils and dusts. From the analysis of the correlation更多还原