【作者】 柏彦超；

【导师】 钱晓晴；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 植物营养学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 我国水资源短缺,水分已成为限制农业生产的最重要的因子。现代农业不应单纯满足于高产,还应着眼于节约资源,提高水资源的利用效率,现代节水农业是我国农业可持续发展的方向,越来越受到人们普遍关注。水稻具有水、旱双重适应性,水稻旱作是一项高效节水新模式,其研究与推广应用正日益受到重视。本文从我国水资源现状与未来发展趋势论述了发展旱作水稻节水种植的重要意义,阐明了旱作水稻种植的生物学及实践依据,并就近年来有关水稻的旱作适应性、高产栽培技术等研究进展进行了综述。针对旱作水稻的水分利用、氮素营养、养分吸收等重要问题,通过田间对比试验、室内模拟试验、实验室分析测定等研究了如下几个方面的问题:（1）旱作条件下不同水稻品种的响应特征;（2）模拟水分胁迫条件下水稻的氮素营养特征;（3）地下水埋深对水稻生长发育与产量形成的影响。通过试验、分析得到如下结果: （1）不同品种水稻在旱作时的生长、形态、生理、产量等均发生分异。旱作后,广陵香粳在生长中后期的根冠比高出相应水作处理的37.1%,两优培九、扬稻4号及对照扬旱1号也保持较高的根冠比,而武育粳3号根冠比下降30.2%;扬稻4号和汕优63水稻保持较高的根系活力,汕优63根系活跃吸收面积比例最大,而扬旱1号和扬稻4号根系活跃吸收面积比例较小。旱作后,产量受不良影响的程度从小到大依次为:扬旱1号、汕优63、协优63、扬稻4号、9520、武育粳3号、广陵香粳和两优培九,旱作时的相对产量分别为96.9%、76.3%、74.2%、61.6%、49.5%、43.9%、43.7%和43.0%。总体上说,籼型品种对旱作具有更强的适应性。 （2）随着营养液中氮素形态比例的不同,作物吸收的氮素营养亦会发生明显改变。适当增加NO₃^--N的供应比例,可有效地清除作物在水分胁迫下的生长障碍。模拟水分胁迫条件下,汕优63、9516、中旱3号及武育粳3号水稻幼苗吸收NO₃^--N的量大体随NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N比例的下降呈上升趋势,NH₄⁺-N的净吸收量下降,NO₃^--N的净吸收量明显上升,且硝态氮的绝对吸收量高于铵态氮。其中,汕优63、9516的氮吸收总量均远高于普通水培的全氮吸收量。正常培养条件下,水稻作物更多还原

【Abstract】 Water resource and its utilization in agriculture are mostly related to sustainable agriculture because of water shortage. Water is also the most important limit aspect of agriculture industry. Modern agriculture should not only satisfy with high yield, it is also need to pay more attention on resource and improving the efficiency of water using. Rice has the adaptation to moisture or dry condition, and it can be cultivated in aerobic condition with the same yield. As a new kind of water saving mechanism, aerobic cultivation of rice is gaining more and more attention for scientists, government, and farmers. A series of field experiment, imitating experiments in lab were carried out to study the responses of different cultivars of rice to aerobic cultivation, the N nutrition characteristics of rice in simulation water stress condition, and the effects of depth of groundwater on growth and rice yield.The main results are as follows.1. Significant differences of responses, i.e., growth situation, morphology, physiology and grain yields, to different water regimes were found in different cultivars. The root/shoot ratio of Guanglin Xiangjing growing in aerobic condition were 37.1% surpass that in waterlogged condition during the middle and later growth stage, and the ratios of Liangyou Peijiu, Yangdao 4 and Yanghan 1 （upland Cultivar as a CK） were also larger during the same stage among all the cultivars tested while the smallest root/shoot ratio, 30.1% less than that of waterlogged treatment, in Wuyujinj 3. Shanyou 63 had a biggest adsorption area of roots whereas smallest was found in Yanghan 1 and Yangdao 4 in aerobic cultivation. The order of relative yields of grain was as follows: Yanghan 1 > Shanyou 63 > Xieyou 63 > Yangdao 4 > 9520 > Wuyujing 3 > Guanglin Xiangjing > Liangyou Peijiu （96.9%、 76.3%、 74.2%、 61.6%、 49.5%、 43.9%、 43.7% and 43.0% respectively）. Better adaptability to aerobic cultivation was found in Indicasthan Japonicas.2. The nitrogen nutrition absorbed by rice change apparently with different proportion of different nitrogen form in the water culture. To increase appropriate NO₃^--N may clear away efficiently the growth obstacle by water stress; Under simulation water stress condition, uptake of NO₃^--N by Shanyou 63, 9516, zhonghan 3, and Wuyujing 3 increase with the reduce of rate of NH₄⁺-N and NO3-N; The net uptake of NH₄⁺-N decrease, while NO₃^--N increase; Uptake of nitrogen nutrition by shanyou 63 seedling and 9516 and wuyujing 3 seedling increased with the reduce of rate of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N; The rising amount of rice rope under simulating water stress condition is few than under single provision water.3.The moderation depth of groundwater is in favor of uptake and running to seed of N in rice crop. The increase of depth of groundwater made against P running from stem to seed. The more depth of groundwater disturbed K⁺ and NO₃^- running to stem in rice growth evening. The rice yield reduced with the increase of depth of groundwater. The content of solubility sugar and sucrose in grown rice rose with the increase of depth of groundwater （0-40 cm）. When the depth of groundwater reach 50cm, the content of solubility sugar and sucrose in grown rice decrease sharply. In moderation range increasing groundwater depth will accelerate rice’s accumulation of Ca²+ and Cl^-. Ca²+ and Cl^- may be concerned with the process of infiltration adjustment.更多还原