备用证及相关惯例的研究

【作者】 吕雁冰；

【导师】 黄海东；

【作者基本信息】 东北财经大学 ， 国际贸易学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 美国的银行界为了规避法律不允许银行为第三人提供担保的规定而创立了备用证。因此,从起源上来讲,备用证的产生是出于替代银行保函的目的。当前,备用证作为一种兼有担保和支付双重功能的国际性金融工具在国际经济活动中得到广泛使用。为了规范备用证的使用,改善不同的法律制度在这方面的不明确和缺乏统一的状况,联合国国际贸易法委员会、国际商会等国际组织先后出台了一系列相关的国际公约和惯例,包括《见索即付保函统一规则》(URDG)、《跟单信用证统一惯例》(UCP500)、《联合国独立保函和备用信用证公约》和《国际备用证惯例》(ISP98)。其中UCP500和ISP98产生了较大的影响。 UCP500增强了备用证的独立性和单据性的特征,但它对备用证不能完全适用,也不适合,“只在可以使用范围内”予以适用。ISP98反映了已被广泛接受的有关备用证的惯例、习惯和用法,证明了这一金融产品的成熟性。 我国从自上世纪80年代以来就顺应国际惯例开始使用备用证,但因经验不足出现了许多失误。中国法上几乎没有对备用证做出相关规定,只是法律为备用证的合法性留下了空间。而且,我国至今仍未对备用证的法律制度、运作程序等方面进行全面、深入的研究。因此,加强对备用证的研究,不仅有助于国际商事交易部门对其深入系统的了解,而且对推进备用证在国际、国内贸易中的应用,加快我国融入国际金融一体化的进程具有重要意义。 本文共分四部分。 第一部分备用证概述。文章对备用证定义、种类进行界定、分析、探讨后,通过对备用证的周边比较,阐释了备用证的独特性质。 第二部分备用证下的当事人及各自风险防范措施。通过对备用证各当事人之间的法律关系及运作程序的深剜剖析,进而讨论各自当事人的风险防范措施。 第三部分是ISP98与UCP500重要条款的比较研究。立足于ISP98基本条款,对二者进行了较为深入系统的研究,澄清了一些经常被忽视的问题。 第四部通过剖析我国当前备用证实践和立法中的现状和问题,着重就完善我国备用证制度提出了自己的建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Standby Letter of credit was created by American bankers for purpose of evading the prohibitive law that banks should not provide guaranties for others. Therefore, in its origin, Standby was a substitution of bank guaranties. At present, Standby, as an international financial device having dual function of both guarantee and payment, is widely used in international economic activities. To regulate its use and change the situation of unclearness and disunity brought by different legal systems, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) formulated a convention and several practices for it, which are the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees (URDG), the Uniform Custom and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP), the United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letters of Credit, and the International Standby Practices (ISP98).Of these convention and practices UCP500 and ISP98 are accepted widely. The UCP500 reinforced the independence and documentary character of the Standby. However, it has long been apparent that the UCP was not fully applicable nor appropriate for Standby. ISP98 reflects generally accepted practice, custom, and usage of Standby. The formulation of Standby practices in separate rules evidences the maturity and importance of this financial product.Since 1980’ last century, Chinese banks have been using Standby. But the study of its legal systems has not yet been made both comprehensively and profoundly so far. Therefore, enhancement of the Standby is not only a great help for practical sections of international business trade to know it both profoundly and systematically, but of vital importance to advance the use of Standby in other international and home trade, and quicken the course of merging our country into international unification.This paper is divided into four parts.Part one introduces Standby tersely and concisely. After the definition of,analysis of and inquire into the concept , kinds of Standby , this article expounds emphatically the unique of Standby by making a comparison of Standby with documentary credit and independent bank guarantee respectively.The second part makes a penetrating analysis of legal relation between every parts and the operation of Standby to expound the means to guard against the risk every part facing with.The third part, using the way of comparison, with the focus on the clauses of ISP98, makes a thorough research on the difference between UCP500 and ISP98. It also clarifies some clauses that are usually subject to be ignored by users.The last part makes a simple comment on the status and problems of our country’s lawmaking. This article, by analyzing the defects and inadequacy of our country ’s lawmaking and legal practice, makes preliminary suggestions in legal systems and application of Standby.更多还原