【作者】 李江宁；

【导师】 金正昆；

【作者基本信息】 中国人民大学 ， 外交学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 9·11 恐怖袭击改变了美国外交政策的重点,也凸现了公众外交的重要性。为了改善美国的国家形象、减轻对美国的敌视,美国对伊斯兰世界的公众外交进行了调整,但是美国针对伊斯兰世界的公众外交与预期的效果仍然存在一定差距。本文尝试对 9·11 之后美国对伊斯兰世界的公共外交进行系统地分析与评价。探讨美国公众外交实践的优势和不足,对中国的外宣工作和国家形象塑造实际上也具有重要的借鉴意义。 本文的创新性主要体现在:首先,本文将对美国公众外交的分析界定在伊斯兰世界的框架内,较国内其他对于公众外交的研究而言更为具体、更具有针对性;引介了西方关于公众外交的较新的资料,为国内公众外交研究提供了更多可资参考的文献;借鉴了公众外交维度与领域的划分,为公众外交的概括性分析提供了新的角度。其次,本文公众外交本身评价的困难进行了探讨,这种质疑超越了政策分析本身,综合运用了外交学、传播学和社会学的理论与方法;在评估美国公众外交时,尝试了从诸如公众外交内部运作、公众外交与外交政策、公众外交与文化差异等不同的层面进行剖析,避免了传统的单一的评价模式。 本文将公众外交的概念界定为,一国政府通过与外国公众的沟通,来影响外国公众舆论,构筑有利的国际舆论环境,从而顺利实现国家利益的外交行动。根据不同时间段内的不同任务和目标,公众外交可以划分为新闻管理、战略协调和关系建立等三个维度;根据所针对的不同的政策领域,公众外交可以分为针对政治/军事、经济、社会/文化等不同的领域的活动。本文中的伊斯兰世界主要是指伊斯兰教为本国民众主要信仰的国家,包括以伊斯兰教为国教和伊斯兰教在本国具有广大教徒和巨大影响力的国家。 “软权力”理论是公众外交的理论基点,也是公众外交重要性和必要性的论证起点。软权力是一种通过让他人做他人自己想做的事情而获得预期结果的能力,它通过文化、意识形态的吸引力与国际机制而不是军事和经济制裁的强迫起作用。软权力是公众外交的目标;公众外交也是软权力的实现方式和手段;公众外交的受重视程度与一国对软权力、硬权力重要性的认知紧密相连;对于3软权力的评估所存在的理论上和实践上的困难,也是评价公众外交时所面临的难题。随着冷战的结束,全球的国际政治环境发生了新的变化。信息革命与大众传媒的发展,及其与舆论、外交政策的互动,为美国公众外交提供了崭新的背景、新的手段和方式。而全球化使拥有各种观念与价值的碰撞以前所未有的直接与激烈的方式呈现,公众外交必须在全球化的情境中最大程度地弥合差异、倡导宽容与减少冲突。市民社会以及公众舆论力量的增强使得外交政策的心理和公众舆论层面变得日益重要,公众外交也必须针对这种现状做出有效的应对 。美国给世界公众的普遍印象是霸权主义、单边主义与文化帝国主义,伊拉克战争愈发激起了世界上许多国家特别是伊斯兰世界对于美国的敌视甚至仇恨。反美主义将会威胁美国的安全,妨碍其外交目标的实现。失去支持者与伙伴,美国的全球战略将无法实现。9·11 之后,美国的对外战略重点转向了打击全球恐怖主义,美国政府意识到了运用公众外交应对恐怖主义挑战的重要性,因此对其公众外交体系进行了调整。美国增加了公众外交的资源投入,加大公众外交预算,增加了公众外交人员的数量。美国政府中执行公众外交任务的机构主要包括:白宫、国务院、广播管理委员会、国防部和中央情报局,同时美国国际发展署也在其中发挥了一定的作用。9·11 之后美国的公众外交既注重发挥各个机构的作用,也加强了机构之间运作的协调。从公众外交的维度来看,美国公众外交强化了新闻管理,开展了一系列周期较长的公众外交活动进行战略沟通,并从长期的角度通过文化交流与人员往来等形式,力图达成与伊斯兰世界的了解、宽容和沟通。美国公众外交做出的调整是一种审时度势的进步。然而,就公众外交本身取得的成果而言,对成果的评价存在着标准和方法上的问题。此外,公众外交在外交决策体系中的地位仍然比较低,仍处在边缘的位置,现有的公众外交机构的功能发挥不够,机构之间缺乏协调。美国外交决策者没有实现新闻管理、战略沟通以及长期的项目的关系这些公众外交维度之间的平衡。9·11 之后,美国对伊斯兰世界公众外交的重视和调整并不意味公众外交努力必定会取得相应的结果。更多还原

【Abstract】 The 9·11 terrorism attack has changed the key issue of U.S foreign policy and emphasized the importance of public diplomacy. In order to improve America’s national image and reduce the hostility towards U.S., U.S. transformed its public diplomacy in the Muslim world. However its public diplomacy in the Muslim world hasn’t done well as expected. The thesis will systematically analyze and appraise strength and weakness of U.S. public diplomacy in the Muslim world and its meaning to China’s international communication and national image. The innovation value of this thesis lies in: 1) analyzes U.S. public diplomacy in the Muslim world, which is more concrete than other studies on public diplomacy in China; 2) introduces new materials and literature on public diplomacy in western countries; 3) conceptualizing public diplomacy as three dimensions and three spheres; 4) discusses difficulties of assessment of public diplomacy from a comprehensive perspective combining theories and methods of diplomacy, communication and sociology; 5) tries to appraise U.S public diplomacy from different aspects such as internal operation of public diplomacy, the relationship between public diplomacy and foreign affairs, conflict between public diplomacy and cultural differences and avoids the single assessment model from the traditional angle. Public diplomacy is referred to official government efforts to promote national interests of one country through understanding, informing and influence foreign publics. According to a different time scale, we can characterize three dimensions of public diplomacy activities: news management, strategic communication and relationship building. Such policy areas as political/military, economic and societal/cultural spheres will carry different weight at different times and in different contexts. The Muslim world in the thesis refers to countries in which Islam is the major religion of the people including those countries with Islam as their state religion or countries in which there are a large number of Muslims and Islam has enormous influence. Soft power theory is the theoretical basis of public diplomacy and logical starting point of the importance and necessity of public diplomacy. Soft power is the ability to reach expected outcome by making others do what they want. It coopts people rather than coerces them. Soft power is the goal of public diplomacy; public diplomacy is the way to realize soft power; the extent to which public diplomacy gains concerns is closely related with how a country thinks about the importance of soft power. The difficulty of assessing soft power in both theoretical and practical ways is the challenge facing the assessment of public diplomacy. As the end of the Cold War, international politics is undergoing new changes. Information revolution, development of mass communication and its relationship with public opinions and foreign policy provide U.S public diplomacy new foundations and instruments. In globalization context, various beliefs and values coexist and conflict in an unprecedented way. Therefore, public diplomacy must reduce differences, advocate tolerance and avoid conflicts. In addition, public diplomacy must face the reality that development of civil society and the increasing power of public opinions make the psychological and public opinion dimension of foreign policy more important. U.S. universal image in the world is hegemony, unilateralism and cultural imperialism. Iraqi war evoked hostility and hatred towards U.S. in many countries of the world especially in the Muslim world. Anti-Americanism will threat U.S security and disturb its foreign policy. U.S. can’t realize its global strategy without supporters and partners. After 9·11 attack, U.S. Foreign policy shifted to combating global terrorism. Realizing the importance of facing terrorism challenges through public diplomacy, U.S. government increases resources of public diplomacy including public diplomacy budget and staff. Public diplomacy institutions in U.S. government mainly in更多还原