基于GIS的北京市平原区浅层地下水动态变化研究

【作者】 赵微；

【导师】 宫辉力； 赵文吉；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 自然地理学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 近年来,由于人口的增加和城市化水平的提高,降水量的逐渐减少,导致地下水的需求量和开采量逐年增大,地下水位逐年下降,地下水资源减少。笔者针对北京市水资源短缺等问题对北京市1983年—2000年间的地下水利用状况进行深入研究,并分析了地下水动态变化对环境的影响,其目的是对北京市目前的地下水利用现状有一个清楚地认识。 本文简单介绍了北京市的自然、社会经济和区域及水文地质概况。重点从水量方面分析了平原区浅层地下水中潜水和承压水的动态变化及产生这种变化的原因。由于收集到的1983年的水位数据仅包含城八区,因此分别分析了1983年—1993年和1993年—2000年城八区的水位变化,及1993年—2000年间整个平原区的水位变化。分析结果发现,平原区从整体上看,北部、中部、南部潜水水位均成下降趋势,仅四城区及其周边、西部山区和平原区交界处水位有所上升。承压水除海淀和丰台交界处、大兴和通州交界处、延庆的西北部有小范围的水头上升外,其他地区水头均成下降趋势。且承压水的下降幅度大于潜水,平原区北部下降趋势大于南部。 由于地下水位变化严重,本文重点分析了地下水动态变化的两个主要影响因素降水量和开采量对水位动态变化的影响。由于近年来降水量减少、人口增加,需水量逐渐加大等原因,使地下水的开采量逐年增加,导致地下水位下降严重。部分地区由于集中超量开采,出现了大面积的降落漏斗,并且面积在逐年扩大。 地下水的动态变化及对地下水的超采引发了相应的环境地质问题。本文主要分析了地下水水位变化引起的降落漏斗及地面沉降、水质恶化等环境地质问题。其中,降落漏斗主要分布在平原区北部顺义、昌平及平谷一带,且漏斗范围变大,水位下降严重,以顺义为最重。地面沉降主要出现在昌平沙河—东三旗、顺义平各庄地区。水质恶化严重的地区主要集中在城区及其附近。 最后,本文从管理、经济、技术等方面提出了改善北京市浅层地下水水量及水质的措施与对策。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years, the groundwater table decreased gradually and the ground water resource decreased gradually, because of the increase of population and the improve of urbanization level, and the decrease of precipitation, leading to demand of groundwater and exploitation amount increase gradually Author studied the utilization of groundwater from 1983 year to 2000 year in Beijing, and analyzed the influence of dynamic change to environment, in order to know the situation of groundwater.This paper introduced the general situation of nature social economy and geology. Then the paper analyses the dynamic change of diving and water-pressed and those reason. Because the datum in 1983 year only include suburb, so respectively analyses the change of water level from 1983 year to 1993 year and from 1993 year to 2000 year, and the change of whole plain from 1993 year to 2000 year. The result is: diving level descend in north middle and south, diving level ascend only in four city zone and its around the area of west mountainous area march with plain. The most of water-pressed descend. Besides the fall of the water-pressed water is greater than diving under water, in the north of plain district is greater than the south.Because groundwater level change seriously, this paper especially analyses the impact of precipitation and exploitation amount on dynamic change of the water level, these are two main influence factors of dynamic change of groundwater. In recent years, because the precipitation reduces, population increases, the water requirement increases gradually, make the exploitation amount of the groundwater increases year by year, so the water table drop seriously. Some area appear to large area of descend funnel, and the area is expanded year by year, because of the centralized and excessive exploitation.Dynamic change of groundwater and exceed exploitation cause corresponding environmental geological problems. This paper mainly analyses environmental geological problems such as descend funnel land subsidence . water quality deterioration produced by groundwater level change. Among them, descend funnel isdistributed mainly in regions of Shunyi of the north of plain district, Changping and Pinggu, at the same time the range becomes great, the water level decreased deeply , it is most serious in Shunyi. Land subsidence appears in Shahe-Dongsanqi, Pinggezhuang mainly. Water quality deterioration is serious in the urban area and adjacent place.In the end, this paper brings forward measures and countermeasure on improving the amount of groundwater and water quality.更多还原