【作者】 金龙如；

【导师】 冯江；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 环境科学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)在欧洲处于濒危状态,现已被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)受威胁物种红色名录列为低危/接近易危(LR/nt)种,因此对马铁菊头蝠的捕食策略研究一直是国内外蝙蝠研究的重点和热点。本文研究了马铁菊头蝠的夏季对鳞翅目昆虫的捕食策略,主要包括马铁菊头蝠的夏季食性——以鳞翅目(Lepidiptera)昆虫为主、捕食方式和不同状态下回声定位声波的变化等。主要结果如下: 1.马铁菊头蝠夏季食物以鳞翅目(Lepidiptera)(数量百分比 75%)、鞘翅目(Coleoptera)(6%)、膜翅目(Hymenoptera) (5%)、同翅目(Homoptera) (5%)和双翅目(Diptera) (3%)为主,其它为 6%。马铁菊头蝠所捕食的鳞翅目昆虫包括 11 科 30余种蛾,主要以夜蛾科Noctuidae(占所捕食的鳞翅目昆虫的数量百分比为36.6%)、天蛾科Sphingidae(24.1%)、尺蛾科Geometridae(13.4%)和刺蛾科Limacodidae(9.5%)为主,捕食的鳞翅目昆虫前翅翅长介于 5—40mm(数量百分比为 99.5%)之间和 60—65mm 之间(0.5%) Pearson 相关分析表明马铁菊头蝠在捕食过程中不是随机捕食,而 。是有选择性。 2.捕食方式主要为空中飞行捕食(昆虫夜间活动高峰期)和鹟式捕食(flycatching)(昆虫夜间活动高峰期后) 没有观察到地面拾遗式捕食。空中飞行捕食的猎物个体较 ,小(就鳞翅目昆虫而言,翅长为 5—20mm),而鹟式捕食的猎物个体较大(10—40mm和 60—65mm),无论采取何种捕食方式,在捕捉到大个体猎物后,马铁菊头蝠往往不在飞行中吃掉猎物,而是栖息高处,对猎物选择性肢解——吃掉营养丰富的头部和腹部,而把翅,触角和腿等留下。 3.飞行和悬挂状态下,马铁菊头蝠的回声定位声波形式基本相同,均为(FM)—CF—FM 型。在蝙蝠接近猎物的过程中,声脉冲持续时间和间隔时间显著减小,下调 FM(即 TFM)组分变得愈为显著,捕捉猎物的瞬间,产生捕食蜂鸣,在捕捉到猎物后的50ms 内,几乎不发出回声定位声波。飞行与悬挂状态相比,声脉冲重复率前者显著高于后者(t=3.57,P<0.05);主频率前者显著低于后者(t=-4.35,P<0.05);声脉冲持续时间和间隔时间前者显著低于后者(分别为t=-29.12,P<0.05;t=-33.03,P<0.05);能率环前者显著高于后者(t=13.47,P<0.05)。更多还原

【Abstract】 Rhinolophus ferrumequinum has been marked as an endangered species in Europe andhas been listed as an LR/nt species into IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Study offoraging strategies of R.ferrumequinum is one of major fields in bats study. Foragingstrategies of R.ferrumequinum were studied in the summer at Ji’an city, including diet (mainlyLepidoptera insects), foraging tactics and changes of echolocation calls in different states, etc.The results were as follows: 1. The diet of graeater horseshoe bats in the summer was consisted of Lepidoptera(75% bynumber),Coleoptera(6%),Hymenoptera(5%),Homoptera(5%)andDipterainsects(3%),togetherwith6%unidentifiedinsects.Lepidopterainsectsincluded11families,morethan 30 species of moths,such as Noctuidae(relative number percentage of Lepidopterainsects36.6%),Sphingidae(24.1%),Geometridae(13.4%)and Limacodidae(9.5%). Thelength of forewings ranged from 5—40mm(99.5%) and 60—65mm(0.5%). The result ofPearson correlation analysis showed that foraging of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum might beselective, not random. 2. Foraging tactics mostly included two ways: aerial hawking during the period of thepeak of insects activity and flycatching during the insects’ non-peak activity period. Groundgleaning was not observed. Insects by captured in the air were small (winglength 5-20mm)through observing and measuring, while insects captured by flycatching were large (10-40mmand 60 -65mm). The bats never ate larger insects in flight; instead, they perched themselvesfrom a high place (top of the wire netting), selectively dismembered prey items and ate highnutritional parts (heads and abdomens), while discarding wings, antennas, etc (mainly wings). 3.Echolocation calls of R.ferrumequinum were (FM)/CF/FM type in flying and hangingstates. Duration time and interval time of pulse were decreased aburtly when the bats wereapporaching prey items, at the same time, terminal FM became more significant. Foragingbuzz was emitted at the moment of capturing. Echolocation calls almost disappeared aftercapturing prey items in 50ms.There were some difference in echolocation calls parameters indifferent states, such as repetition rate of pulse in flying was higher than inhanging(t=3.57,P<0.05);domain frequency in flight was lower than inhanging(t=-4.35,P<0.05);duration time and interval time of pulse in flight were lower than inhanging(t=-29.12,P<0.05;t=-33.03,P<0.05, respectively); duty cycle of the former was higherthan the latter(t=13.47,P<0.05).更多还原