【作者】 于微；

【导师】 韩秋红；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 众所周知,康德以其对知识和对象之间的关系的颠倒实现了认识论上的“哥白尼式革命”,康德哲学的影响是多方面的。在他晚年的一封书信中康德指出,他的哲学,的出发点是纯粹的二律背反,特别是“人有自由;以及相反地,人没有任何自由,在人那里一切都是必然自然性”这个二律背反,把他从独断论的迷梦中唤醒,使他转入到对理性本身的批判。在康德的先天综合判断何以可能的背后,回响着一个对康德来说更为重要的问题,即人的自由何以可能。对自由问题的思考是康德哲学的真正出发点,其哲学体系就是为拯救自由的需要而建构的。 本文第一部分为康德自由理论的理论视域,康德对自由概念的界定和对以往自由理论进行了历史性的考察。这一过程揭示出哲学史上自由都是他律的、外在的,而真正的自由应该是自律的、内在于人的理性之中的。本文的第二部分是康德在他的三大批判中对自由理论进行的逻辑论证和推演。他从二元论和不可知论出发,划分理性的两种功能,即理论理性和实践理性,以限制理性的认识能力的方式,突出了实践理性的优先地位。本文第三部分通过对康德解决自由问题这一理论事实本身的分析,揭示暗含在自由理论中的康德为重建形而上学的内在精神的努力,并阐明这一过程实现的哲学意义上的哥白尼式革命。 康德批判了那种企图通过理性的认识能力超越有限性而通达自由境界的旧的形而上学,重建了一种通过理性认识能力的限制而达到自由境界的新形而上学。而无论是批判形而上学还是重建形而上学,康德都是为了自由这一崇高理想,都是为弘扬作为理智世界中的人的人格、尊严和价值。自由的发展是一个永无完结的历史性过程,自由问题是哲学史上一个亘古不变而又极具时代内容的问题。通过康德对自由的学理论证和历史意义的分析,不难发现正是因为康德对人的自由的思考有它自身的特有的纯洁性,它才具有超越时空的普遍意义和永久魅力。更多还原

【Abstract】 As everyone knows, Kant had accomplished a Copernican revolution in the epistemology with reversing the relation of the knowledge and the target, the influence of it is various. Kant pointed out in a letter in his old age that the departure of his philosophy was Antinomy of Pure Reason especially" the person has the freedom; And on the contrary, the person have no freedom, in a person everything are all an inevitable nature", this confliction turned him awaken from the shadowy dream of the arbitrary theory, made him change over to judge the transcendental reason. There echo a more important problem to Kant, namely why people’s freedom is possible behind why it is possible of synthetically transcendental judgment. The thinking of freedom question is a real starting point of Kant’s philosophy, and its system of philosophy is built and constructed for the need of rescuing the freedom.The first part of this text is the philosophical area of the freedom theory, Kant defined the concept of freedom and carried on the historic investigation of freedom theory in the past. This process reveal that the freedom in the history of philosophy is all heteronomic, but the real freedom should be autonomic, the internality is in the person’s reason. The second part is the logic proved and deduced of freedom in Kant’s critical philosophy .He proceeded from dualism and agnosticism, divided two kinds of functions of reason, namely theory reason and practice reason, by way of limiting rational cognitive ability and stressed the preferential position of practice reason. The third part pass through the analysis to resolve the freedom, announce and imply the inherent spirit through Kant’s efforts to reconstruct metaphysics, and clarify the Copernican revolution on the philosophy meaning in this course.Kant criticize the school metaphysics’ getting leading freedom of realm, which attempt surmount the limit of rational cognitive ability .He rebuild a new metaphysics , which can reach freedom of realm through rational- restriction of cognitive ability. No matter criticize the school metaphysics or rebuild new metaphysics, Kant is all for the lofty ideal of freedom, all personality , dignity and value of the person who regard for carrying forward as reason in the world. The development of the freedom is always have no historic process of end. Freedom is previous from ancient times on history of philosophy and which is constant but have the ages means. Though out Kant’ academic theories argument of the freedom and the analysis of the history meanings, we can easily feel just because Kant’s thinking in people’ freedom have peculiar purity , the freedom theory has universal significance and permanent glamour across time and space.更多还原