“来”和“去”的语法化及其相关问题研究

【作者】 孙斐；

【导师】 陈昌来；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 本文在北京大学和厦门大学等语料库的基础上,对动词“来”和“去”的历时发展轨迹进行了分析和探讨,大致模拟出了它们的虚化轨迹。“来”在先秦一般做主要动词,是一个自动词,偶尔用为使动用法,至六朝时期,用在他动词后面,开始可以做趋向补语,但用在自动词后面的“来”,我们怀疑至今也没有虚化完全,不能看作趋向补语。至唐朝起,“来”跟在“上”一类趋向动词后可以一起作他动词的趋向补语时,此类的“来”应该也开始虚化为趋向补语,而在“动词+趋₁（上类）+宾语+来”的格式中的“来”,可以说较之其他情况下表趋向的“来”都更为虚化。在隋末唐初,事态助词“来”开始出现,但到明朝开始消失,现代汉语中的“来着”在语法意义上与近代汉语中的事态助词“来”有交叉。“V+来”至清末才可以带宾语。“去”虽然一开始就存在自动词和他动词两个“去”,但其发展脉络一直比较清晰。他动词“去₂”跟在有“去除”义动词后,当其部分义素被前面的他动词兼并,变为自动词后,就在唐朝开始了作补语的历程。自动词“去₁ ”的语法化过程较为复杂。与“来”相同,在自动词后面的“去₁ ”,我们至今很难认定它就是趋向补语了。而跟在他动词后的“去₁ ”,又分为两种情况:表离义的“去₁”往往跟在具有[+损耗/脱离/消失]语义特征的动词后,逐渐虚化出一种结果义,表往义的“去₁ ”往往跟在具有[+致使位移][-定向]语义特征的动词后。“去”后来也发展出了事态助词的用法,最后因没有竞争过“了₂”而退出历史舞台。在第三章中,我们对“来”和“去”在发展过程中的某些现象进行了比较,发现事态助词“来”和“去”的用法和发展呈现对称状态,“Vp+来”已经消失,“Vp+去”还存留在现代汉语中,可以说是这种格式的无标状态。在近代汉语中,事态助词“来”主要用在过去时态,可以用在积极语义下,而“去”一般用在将来时中,如果用在过去时需要加上标记“也、在”。“来”在对话体中可以进行视角转换,而“去”则不能,如果要进行转换,则要用“走”代替。最后,本文在共时的基础上,得出结论,“走”在现代汉语中已经发展为一个表主观趋向范畴的趋向动词,因而,与“来”、“去”共同构成了一个完整的主观趋向语义网络。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on some corpuses, such as Beijing University and Xiamen University ,thisthesis analyses and discusses the diachronic evolvement of verb “Lai”and “Qu”andsimulates their bleaching trail approximately.“Lai”was intransitive verb , causative once in a way, acted as main verb usuallyduring pre-Qin period. To Liuchao, it could act as directional complement aftertransitive verb, but we suspect that the “Lai”,which after the intransitive verb hasn’tbleached hitherto completely, so we can’t regard it as directional complement. FromTang dynasty , “Lai”,which could be in company with other directional verb such as“Shang”,is directional complement after the transitive verb, and it should bebleaching. “Lai”in the form of v. + d. c.1+object + d. c.2 is weaker than the “Lai”inother situations. “Lai”emerged as “Shitai”auxiliary word at the cross of Sui dynastyand Tang dynasty,but it began to disappear in Ming dynasty. The meaning of“Laizhe”in contemporary Chinese and “shitai”auxiliary word “Lai”in modern Chinesecrossed each other.. Untill the end of Qing dynasty, object can follow the form of v. +LaiAlthough there has two “Qu”s before bleaching, the venation of evolvement of“Qu”is still clear. When the part of pleremes of transitive verb “Qu₂”,which isfollowed the verb with the meaning of wiping off, was annexed, and becameintransitive verb, it begin to be directional complement. It is difficult to make sure that“Qu₁”after intransitive verb is directional complement same as “Lai”as yet .“Qu₁”after transitive verb have two instance: “Qu₁”denoting leaving, which usuallyfollow the verb with the semantic feature of wastage /coming off /disappearing,gradually bleached into the meaning of result .“Qu₁”denoting going usually followthe verb with the semantic feature of causing a shift of no direction. And“Qu”aslo hadan evolvement of the use of “shitai”auxiliary word later, but it retreat fromcontemporary Chinese on account of its failue in competition with the use of “le₂”.In chapter 3, we compare some phenomena in the process of the evolution of更多还原