【作者】 陈元；

【导师】 刘敬鲁；

【作者基本信息】 中国人民大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 马克思、恩格斯在研究人类社会历史的进程中,运用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的基本方法,对女性地位的演变和女性问题及其基本规律进行了研究,为妇女解放指明了道路。这些基本观点和方法为各国妇女为争取自身解放的各种斗争奠定了坚实的理论基础。 随着社会生产力的不断发展,人类社会的各个领域都得到了长足的发展,以往积累的诸如劳资矛盾、阶级矛盾等已经日渐淡化,但是,自人类社会私有制产生以来,就一直存在着男女不平等即性别歧视问题,人类社会发展到今天,性别歧视仍然存在于社会生活的各个方面,只是随着社会的发展,性别歧视的表现形式发生了一些变化而已。在现实生活中表现为各种形式:在劳动力市场上招工优先录用男性,下岗时在同等条件下先让女工下岗,为缓解劳动力市场压力主张女人回家以便让出职位等;农村女性在社会地位、家庭生活中的边缘化;在大众传媒中表现为对女性的性客体化描述,从而成为大众文化消费的客体等问题。 人们对性别差异的研究是对性别公正问题的关注。作为当代西方社会最活跃的一种社会思潮,女性主义来源于妇女解放运动,在20世纪后半叶,发展成为一种价值观念和进行人文社会科学研究的方法论原则,在人类思想文化领域引发了一场革命。社会性别是西方女性主义的核心概念,是指社会文化形成的对男女差异的理解,以及在社会文化中形成的属于女性或男性的群体特征和行为方式。社会性别理论是理解女性主义各派理论的基础,它打破了过去占统治地位的生物决定论,男女两性的生物差异不是两性不平等地位的决定因素,而社会环境等因素才是造成两性不平等地位的关键,这就为寻求女性的解放开拓了一条更加宽广的道路。根据女性主义的观点,妇女受到父权制的压迫并在反对父权制中具有共同的利益。女性主义的目标既是理论的又是政治的,也就是说通过把妇女组织成一个独特的革命阶级,提高女性的主体意识,并围绕性别问题的研究促进社会的变化。根据女性主义发展演变的历史进程及特征,女性主义划分为许多派别:自由主义女性主义、激进主义女性主义、社会主义女性主义、后现代女性主义以及存在主义女性主义等,这些派别虽然主张各异,但是,在批判父权制社会,为妇女<WP=5>争取更多的权利、资源和发展空间等价值追求上是殊途同归的。马克思主义妇女观与西方女性主义作为研究女性问题的两大理论分支,既有区别又有联系。马克思主义妇女观是运用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的世界观、方法论,对妇女社会地位的演变、妇女的社会作用、妇女的社会权利和妇女争取解放的途径等基本问题做出的科学分析和概括。西方女性主义作为一个广义的概念,可以说既是一种原则或观点,又是一种分析问题的方法或视角,同时还是妇女争取自身权益的运动和实践。在当前中国的女性研究中,关于女性主义的主流概念是一种中止以男性为中心的观念和实践,消除对女性的性别歧视。女性主义流派众多,它与马克思主义妇女观的区别呈现出复杂性,但是,二者在追求的终极价值目标上又呈现出一致性,即追求两性的公平和正义,从而提升女性在经济、政治、文化、教育等方面的地位,为女性的社会参与和全面发展奠定理论基础。通过对马克思主义妇女观和西方女性主义的初步比较,目的在于,吸收二者的理论精华,为现实中存在的两性不平等问题的解决提供比较切实可行的方法和思路。理论的研究和考察,最终都是要为现实服务的。女性作为人类两性中的一方,对人类的生生不息和全面发展具有特别重要的意义,她们和男性一样,都是历史发展和社会进步的一支重要力量,都是人类物质财富和精神财富的创造者,因此,应当在各个领域享有同男性平等的权利,这不仅是女性自身发展的需要,从长远来看,是整个人类社会全面发展以及人的本质发展的需要。但是,现实中的男女两性不平等问题的存在需要得到解决,就产生了对以往相关理论进行研究和挖掘的必要。马克思主义妇女观是马克思主义理论的重要组成部分,也是我国开展妇女工作的理论依据。我们在制定相关政策时都要以马克思主义妇女观为指导,与我国的具体国情相结合,形成切实可行的政策,并在实践中加以贯彻、落实,解决我国出现的法律上的男女平等与现实中的男女平等之间存在差距等现实问题。当然,在政策的制定过程中,也要有意识地借鉴西方女性主义的积极成果,开阔我们的理论视野,拓宽我们的思路,为贯彻男女平等的基本国策提供更有效的方法和措施。社会主义和谐社会是我们奋斗的目标,这个社会要实现人和自然的和谐、社会结构及社会各系统之间的和谐以及人自身的和谐,男女两性的和谐发展应当<WP=6>是题中应有之义。因为女性同男性一样,承担着社会主义建设的任务,要想达到各个领域的协调发展,就不能离开女性的努力和奉献,因此,要充分调动广大妇女的积极性,提高她们的社会地位,摒弃传统腐朽的妇女观,坚持马克思主义妇女观,使女性在经济、政治、文化、教育等方面获得与男性平等的权利,为实现中华民族的全面进步、协调发展贡献力量。这也正是对二者进行比较研究的意义所在。更多还原

【Abstract】 During researching the historical development process of human society, Marx and Engels apply the essential method of Dialectical Materialism and Historical Materialism to research the change of women status、feminine question and their essential laws, indicate the way to feminine liberation. These essential viewpoints and ways lay a solid theoretical foundation that women of all countries struggle for their liberation.Each field of human society has fully developed with the continuous development of social productive forces. The past conflicts, such as contradiction of labour and capital、contradiction of class have been weaken, but there has been sexism since the private ownership of human society was brought. Sexism has still existed in each field of society life today, manifestation forms of sexism have changed with the development of society. There are many manifestation forms of sexism in realistic life, in same condition, employer give priority to hire workman and fire workwoman in labour market. In order to reduce the press of labour market and provide more chance of work for men, someone claim that let women go home. Countrywomen have been secondary place in society status and family life. Female image is objected in mass media and become the object of popular culture consumption.Researching difference of gender is that people pay close attention to problem of gender impartiality. As one of the most active society thoughts of western contemporary society, the feminism stemmed from feminine liberation movement. In the late of 20 century, the feminism developed a concept of value and a methodology principle of researching humane and social science , and it brought a revolution in the field of thoughts and culture of humanity. Gender is a central concept of Western Feminism, its definition is that people understand the difference between <WP=8>men and women because of social culture, the characters of group and manners of behavior that belong to masculinity or femininity have been affected by different social culture. Gender Perspective is the foundation of understanding different school of feminism, it overthrew the Biological Determinism that held domination station. Biology differences between men and women isn’t the determinant that men and women are unequal, the factors of social environment is the key for causing inequality of men and women, it exploited a wider way to seek feminine liberation.According to the views of feminism, women suffered from the oppression of patriarchy, they have common interests in opposing patriarchy. The aim of feminism not only is theoretic but also is political, that is to say, they organized women to an especial class of revolutionary to enhance subject consciousness of feminine, researched the problem of gender to promote society to change. In the light of the developmental history and characters of feminism, feminism divided into many schools: Liberal feminism、Radical feminism、Socialism feminism、Postmodern feminism and Existential feminism, etc. These schools had different opinions, but their value of pursuing reached the same goal by different routes: they animadverted on patriarchy and strove for feminine to get more rights、resource and developmental room.As two theoretic embranchments about researching the problem of feminine, Marxism View of Women and Western Feminism had both differenceand relation. Marxism View of Women apply the world view and methodology of Dialectical Materialism and Historical Materialism to research the change of women status、women social role、women social rights and way to women liberation, etc, scientifically analyze and generalize the above problems. Western Feminism is a broad sense conception that it is a principle or viewpoint、a way or angle of analysis problems、movement and practice of women rights. Marxism View of Women was the theory <WP=9>headspring of Western Feminism to some extent, the positive outcome of Western Feminism has developed and enriched Marxism View of Women. Research of feminism in current更多还原