【作者】 张兵；

【导师】 汪贤裕；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 工商管理， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 “瀑布模型”以来，软件业一直在持续不断地改善软件项目管理的方法，许多新一代的软件技术、过程和方法的发展异常迅速。本文对eTax项目进行剖析，并结合现代软件项目管理的一些新理论，认为一个软件项目的生命周期，是基于演示、以构架为中心、贯穿始终和自文档化的编码、迭代的、进化的过程。 开发人员需要开发基于演示的DEMO版，捕获客户的需求。在早期阶段，系统部分地运行就可使项目相关人员提供建议并指出可能存在的问题。解决好软件的重用、质量和维护问题，是研究软件架构的根本目的。在整个开发的生命周期中，软件架构是经过许多次的迭代并不断进化的。编码不同于工程项目的施工，它是一项需要非凡智慧的设计工作并贯穿项目的始终，程序员是有创造性的、有才能的人。把文档整合到源程序，这种程序被称为自文档化。基本目标是把文档减至最小。一次次的迭代中，系统的构架得以稳固，系统的功能得以完善，系统在不断地进化并趋于完美。每一迭代过程均由需求、设计、编码、测试、集成等阶段组成，实际上，一次迭代可以看着一次袖珍的“瀑布模型”。 生命周期被分为四个阶段，初始、细化、构造和移交表示项目的状态，而不是瀑布模型中的活动序列。初始阶段的全部目的是要启动项目。并生成最初的《可行性研究报告》。细化阶段细化阶段中最主要的焦点是阐明软件构架。建立可靠的《可行性研究报告》。构造阶段的工作是从一个可执行的软件构架着手，开发出一个准备在用户环境中初步运行的软件产品。移交阶段的任务是完成一个beta版并进一步完善，随着产品的发布而结束此阶段。 软件制品归纳为五个集合：管理集、需求集、设计集、实现集和实施集。在生命周期的任一点，五个制品集处于不同的完整性状态。开发的每个阶段都以一个特定的制品集为中心。在每个阶段结束时，整个系统状态在每个集上都有进展。当系统完成时，所有五个集已完全细化，而且彼此一致。 管理制品集包含的捕获过程所需要的中间结果和辅助信息;设计集包含软件设计有关的文档;需求制品集包含构想文档和需求说明;实现集包含源代码;实施制品集包括可执行的软件及相关的运行时文件和用户手册。 构建制品时要考虑:软件与文档的主次问题:程序与文档合一:文档的受众。关键词:项目管理、软件、生命周期、制品、迭代更多还原

【Abstract】 The management in software development has been constantly improved since the "Waterfall Model" , the unconventional upgrading on skills, process and methodology on software’ development has been remarkably rapid carried out. In this paper it is elaborated that the lifecycle of software is based on the demonstration, and its architecture goes through the whole process as the core of the software, while always a progress of coding, iteration and evolution on auto-documentsThe software engineers need to capture the demands and requirements of the clients and develop the DEMO version, thus the clients may be able to provide suggestion and point out possible problems at an earlier stage. The fundamental goal of study on architecture is to solve the problems on re-using, quality and maintenance of software. In the lifecycle of developing a software, the architecture is optimized by constant iteration. Unlike a construction project implementation, coding is a designing work which requires extraordinary intelligence with the programmers, who must be very creative and capable. The program from the integration of files to source program is called auto-documents , which can minimize the files. The system’ s architecture is being stabilized and its function is being improved after iteration and iteration, and this evolution will lead to a perfect design. Each iteration consists of several progresses such as demands, designs, coding, test and integration, therefore an iteration can be considered a small scale "Waterfall Model" .The lifecycle of developing software can be set off in four phases, i. e. inception, elaboration, construction and transition, they are the different status of the development, not a dynamic sequence as in"Waterfall Model" . In inception phase the development is to start and a reliable draft of Feasibility Study needs to bee established. In construction phase the work is set out from an operational architecture until a preliminary performance in the clients demanding circumstance can be realized. In transition phase a BETA is to be established and optimized, eventually ending with the issuance of the software product.The advantages of iteration are to reduce the risks in the inception phase, to obtain a healthy architecture, and to deal with the continuous changes of the demands. It can help the programmers to discover problems and make corrections immediately, then to assure a persistent integration.The software artifacts consist of five sets: management, demands, design, accomplishment and implementation. At any point of a lifecycle, these five sets are on different status of integration In each phase of the development a specified artifact set is taken as the core of the work. By the end of each phase, there is progress on each set contributing to the whole system. Finally, the elaboration in consistence on all five set is gained when the system is finished.The management artifact set includes the midway results and the assistant information in the progress of capturing record product/process, maintaining and improving of the software product. The design set includes relating files of the software designing. The demands set includes architecture files and demands illustration. The accomplishment set includes source code files. And the implementation set includes the operational software, the relating operating files and the users’ manual.The sequence and combination of software and files as well as the users of the files should be considered in construction the artifacts更多还原