【作者】 陈薇；

【导师】 高小强；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 外国哲学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 本文试图以“实践自由”为线索，寻求康德哲学中对人的本质的界定。自由不是一个新鲜的话题，现世的人们追求自由，甚至为实现自由、践行自由而付出过宝贵的生命。然而，自由对于有限理性存在者来说究竟是否是可能的呢?人不是常常和动物或其他生物一样被约束在自然法则之内吗?人类彷徨了，也迷茫了。但也有人清楚地亮出了自己的态度，康德说，人在自然的王国中，遵循着自然的因果法则，他是被决定的，他没有为所欲为的自由。但他可以思想自由，并且可以凭借“智性的品格”入住自由的王国。这个王国之所以可能，就因为它的法则是道德的法则，这个王国也就是道德王国。在这个王国里，自由是至高无上的，拥有自由的人是最终的目的，自由甚至就是至善! 在康德哲学体系中，自由实则是他的哲学大厦得以建成的主轴。经验的人在践行上不能是自由的，但人拥有理性，人可以思想自由，“我思”的自发性彰显了自由的可能。因此，自然王国中的人在打量自由的时候，自由是一个纯粹理性的理念，它是属于自在之物的“先验自由”。康德随即将目光转向了人的实践理性的领域，即道德的领域。在这个领域中，康德发现，人的意志可以是自由的，人的道德的行为就是出于自由意志的行为，道德就是做人应该做的事，不做不是不能，而是不愿意。实践理性就是帮助人意识到什么是应当之事。 仅仅做“实践理性”告诉你的应当之事，而不能够听从你内心的欲望或是外界的其他因素，否则人是被强制的，是他律的，不是自由的。要保证行为的绝对的善，就只能是出于纯粹善良意志而行为。这种纯粹善良的意志虽然不直接地就是自由意志，但二者在道德的领域中得到了统一。但是即便如此，自由不能通过分析的方式被证成，道德也不能通过分析的方式证成，自由和道德是人类的理性事实。那么人的实践原则就只能是按照那能够成为普遍法则的准则去行为，这条法则突显的普遍必然有效性通过人人内心的自我立法来得到保障，也就是人的自律。自律所说的就是人是最终的目的，也是至高无上的目的。因为人有自由，人才有尊严，人性从根本上就是善的! “有限理性存在者”的描绘远远不是人的全部，人可以向至善无限地趋近，我们就应该让道德法则决定我们的行为，彰显我们的尊严!关键词:自由实践自由有限理性存在者实践理性道德道德法则 意志目的自律尊严更多还原

【Abstract】 In the article, the author will study the human nature in Kant’s theory through the idea of "Practical Freedom". Freedom is not a fresh topic. People in the world have been pursuing the freedom and some of them even devoted their lives into it. But could it be possible that the finite rational beings have freedom? Aren’t people limited in the law of nature as animals and other creatures? Man is puzzled. There still are people showed the world his attitude toward this problem, one of them is Kant. He told us, in the nature world, man obeys the causality as natural mechanism; he is determined and couldn’t do what he wants. But he could think of the freedom, he could be a member of freedom kingdom for his understanding character. The law in the kingdom is moral law, so the kingdom is also a moral kingdom.Kant’s philosophy system is mostly depended on the idea of freedom. As an empirical thing, man couldn’t do anything freely. But he has reason. So he could think of freedom. The spontaneity of "I think" reveals the possibility of freedom. So when the man in the nature kingdom looks at the freedom, he knows the freedom is just an idea of pure reason. It belongs to the things in themselves. Freedom is transcendental freedom, which is suspended in the speculative reason in the forms of pure reason idea. Kant turned his eyes to the area of human’s practical reason, which is moral area. In this area, Kant discovered that person’s will could be free. People’s moral action is the action out of free will. The morality is to do what should do. If you don’t do that, it’s not that you couldn’t do but you won’t do. The practical reason is to help people to realize what he should do.Just do what the "practical reason" told you, and should not listen to your innerdesire or outer things. Otherwise people would be heternomous, not free. To ensure the absolute goodness, we should act in according to the pure good will. Although this will isn’t free will directly, they are united in the moral area. Even so, freedom couldn’t be proved by analytic ways, neither morality. Freedom and morality are man’s reason fact. So the practical principle could only be "Do according to the maxims which could be everyone’s maxims." The university and necessity of this law are ensured by everyone’s legislation for themselves, that is to say Autonomy. What the autonomy says is that the man is the final good and the highest good. Since man is free, he has dignity. And the essence of person is good.The description of "the finite rational being" isn’t the whole of person, which could approach the highest good incessantly. We should be only determined by the moral law to expose our dignities!更多还原