【作者】 宋艳春；

【导师】 李寿欣；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 前瞻记忆(Prospective Memory)是指对预定事件或行为的记忆，如记住1小时后打电话。前瞻记忆是一种特殊的长时记忆，它是相对于回溯记忆(Retrospective Memory)而提出来的。回溯记忆是指对过去已发生的事件或行为的记忆，如昨天学习的课程内容是什么? 前瞻记忆研究始于二十世纪七十年代，并在近年成为记忆心理学的研究热点。本文在综述部分对前瞻记忆的定义、特点、分类以及前瞻记忆和回溯记忆的区别与联系、前瞻记忆的研究方法、前瞻记忆的机制的研究、影响前瞻记忆的因素等方面进行了介绍。 通过查阅国内、外资料发现有关儿童前瞻记忆的研究很少，而且实验研究的分布年代较广，各任务变量相差很大，年龄因素对前瞻记忆的影响没有一个一致的结果，我们在更大的年龄范围(小学、初中、高中)采用前瞻记忆研究的典型实验范式来研究不同类型的前瞻记忆的长期发展轨迹。 同时，个体差异是影响前瞻记忆的一个重要因素，场独立—场依存的认知方式作为一个重要的人格纬度，表示人们在信息加工过程中依赖外部线索和内部线索的倾向性。已有研究表明，场独立型的个体具有较成熟的元认知技能，特别是较强的注意监控技能以及信息的提取和组织技能，场独立型被试在元认知方面的优势应有利于他们完成前瞻记忆任务。因此，我们认为场依存性认知方式是影响前瞻记忆的一个因素。 为探讨年龄、认知方式对前瞻记忆的影响，本研究以非反义词对(包括三对同义词对)、反义词对为实验材料，小学三年级、初中一年级、高中一年级学生为被试，采用3(年龄：小学；初中；高中)×2(认知方式：场独立型；场依存型)×2(任务类型：基于事件；基于时间)重复测量一个因素的三因素混合实验设计，其中年龄、认知方式为被试间因素，任务类型为被试内因素。 研究结果表明：当进行中任务为反义词—非反义词判断任务时，(1) 场独立者的前瞻记忆成绩显著好于场依存者；(2) 基于事件的前瞻记忆成绩明显好于基于时间的前瞻记忆成绩；(3) 各年龄段前瞻记忆成绩没有显著差异；(4)前瞻记忆的完成需要认知资源，支持注意—搜索模型和多重加工机制。更多还原

【Abstract】 Prospective memory (Prom) is a type of memory in which an individual must remember to perform an extended activity at some designated point in the further, For example: remembering to call somebody tomorrow morning. Prospective memory is one special type of long-time memory. It is different from retrospective memory (Retrom)which concerns the memory taken place in the part time, for example, remembering what had learned yesterday at school.Before 1970S, prospective memory were unknown, but it is boiling with ideas and findings recent years, In the introduction the definition features and type of prospective memory difference between prospective memory and retrospective memory . research method of prospective memory the factors that influence a subject’s performance in prospective memory tasks mechanisms and application of prospective memory the importance of prospective memory research, and so on, are introduced.According the articles before, we find that not only there were a few studies on prospective memory about children,but also these research were different in design and result. So we employ the typical experimental paradigm to research the developing track of prospective memory.In addition,personality is an important factor that influences prospective memory. The field dependence-independence(FDI) is an important cognitive style, it reflects the individual difference in terms of the autonomy of external or internal referent.’ From the recent studies concerned with FDI,researchers argue that field-dependence (FD) individuals develop the meta-cognitive which is skilled more early and more efficiently than field-independence (FI) individuals , especially the attention monitor, congnition restructure,etc.The superiority of FD individuals in meta-cognitive will benefit the performance of prospective memory.So the FDI might be a factor that influence the prospective memory.The present research studied the effect of FDI, type of task and age on prospective memory.The design of the experiment was a 2(cognitive style:FD;FI) X 2(type of Prom:event-based;time-based) X 3(age:primary school junior middleschool;senior middle school students)mixed factorial design that included the between subjects variables of FDI and age, the within-subject variable of type of prospective memory.The result indicated:(l)Field-independent subject performed significantly better than Field-dependent subjects.(2)The performance of event-based Prom, significantly better than the time-based Prom (3)There is no significant correlation among primary school students junior middle school students and senior middle school students. (4) The performance of prospective memory needs cognitive resource,we agree with Noticing+Search model and Multiprocess Framework.更多还原