【作者】 盛春媛；

【导师】 邓红风；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 外国语言学及应用语言学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 近年来，隐喻在成为众多学科关注的热门话题，对隐喻的跨学科、跨文化研究更是越来越受到人们的重视。在欧洲和美国乃至中国都掀起了一阵“隐喻”热。 对隐喻产生的原因，工作机制和本质特征不同的学派有不同的解释。亚里士多德学派，传统语言学学派，语用学派和交互学派虽然都从不同的角度对隐喻现象的理解进行了积极的探索，但却未能充分而深刻的揭示出隐喻究其本质是一种认知现象，它首先提供我们理解、观察世界的途径，其次能使人类的经验概念化。认知语言学认为隐喻是人类生存主要和基本的方式，它是从一个较为具体的概念领域到另一个较为抽象的概念领域的映射，概念隐喻具有系统性，隐喻是基于身体经验的。 Lakoff等人把结构性隐喻，方位性隐喻和本体化隐喻三种概念隐喻成为“常规隐喻”或“死喻”，因为这些隐喻表达由于人们反复长期使用已固化在语言中，而不易察觉其隐喻性了。非常规隐喻与常规隐喻并没有本质的区别，它们的认知机制是相同的。所以隐喻是人们认识世界的重要思维方式，在某种意义上就是指常规隐喻是人们认识世界的重要思维方式，这也就是笔者试图在本文中对常规隐喻进行系统研究的原因。 由于我国目前对常规隐喻的研究的成果不多，有关这方面的研究大多限于英语，这就使研究缺乏了普遍性的基础。有鉴于此，笔者希望通过对英汉常规隐喻的对比研究，对前人提出的一些有关常规隐喻的论断进行跨语言和跨文化的验证。由于常规隐喻数量巨大，笔者仅集中研究其中最基本的子集，“人体器官与部位”隐喻。鉴于心智的体验性以及思维的隐喻性，语言中存在大量使用“人体器官与部位”词语的常规隐喻，笔者使用HBCM一词来指称这一类词，并从文化、语法特征等角度对英汉语中HBCM的异同进行了跨文化的研究。由于人类分享共同的身体体验，两种语言的HBCM之间存在大量的相似之处；但又由于受历史渊源，文化背景，宗教信仰等诸多因素的影响，英汉体喻又各具民族特征，从而为下列假说提供佐证：人们通过具体的身体经验的隐喻性来理解和认识世界，表达抽象的思维、情感、态度，不同的语言系统可以系统的反映相似的认知过程。更多还原

【Abstract】 Recent years have witnessed an ever-increasing interest in multidisplinary studies of metaphor. More and more people realized its significance and it has run into metaphormana in European countries and America. In China there are also more and more "metaphor fans".Aristotelian approach, the traditional linguistic approach, the pragmatic approach, and the interaction approach all failed to recognize the fundamental conceptual nature of metaphor and the indispensable role metaphor plays in human conceptualization. The cognitive linguistic approach claims that metaphor is a prevalent phenomenon in ordinary language, and that metaphor arises from mapping among different cognitive domains, especially the mapping from the concrete (source) domains to abstract (target) domains, that metaphors are grounded in our bodily and physical experience.Due to the fact that the three conceptual metaphors, structural metaphors, orientational metaphors and ontological metaphors, have been internalized or conventionalized in language users’ mind, Lakoff calls them "conventional metaphors" or "dead metaphors" because they structure our ordinary conceptual system. "Novel metaphor" or "new metaphor" is not an essentially different phenomenon from conventional metaphor; they basically use the same cognitive mechanism as conventional metaphor. So we live by metaphor, or to a great extent, we live by conventional metaphor. Therefore, a complete and detailed study on conventional metaphor is necessary. Although so far many scholars have touched conventional metaphor in one or two sections of their books or papers, few of them has taken conventional metaphor itself as their major objective and examined itsystematically and comprehensively. Moreover, those scholars, whether at home or abroad, have based their researches only on their native language or single-language corpus. This thesis collects data from both English and Chinese resources and attempts to make bilingual comparisons so as to find some cross-cultural evidence supporting the universality of those hypotheses about metaphor.Since most basic metaphors are rooted in our bodily experience, it is found that conventional metaphors which use human body-part terminologies take up a large portion of metaphors in languages. Therefore this paper proposes the new concept "HBCM" to account for the similarities and differences between English and Chinese from cultural and grammatical perspectives on the basis of dictionary-based data in view of the fact that cognitive semantics has reached a point where it has to be supported by cross-cultural research. Similarities between the two languages can be attributed to the common human bodily experience. The result serves as evidence in supporting Lakoff s statement that metaphors are embodied. In other words, metaphors, though imaginary in nature, are not completely arbitrary. They seem to have a bodily or psychological basis. More weight is attached to the analysis of what on earth causes some differences between the two languages. The paper tries to account for the reason why Chinese tend to utilize more internal organs than English in HBCM by referring to the theory of five elements of Chinese medicine. The cases of "nose" and "thumb" are also raised to prove that human body-part conventional metaphors are influenced by cultural models. Besides, some different grammatical differences between English and Chinese are briefly discussed. Chapter 5 makes a short summary and raises the issues for future study.更多还原