【作者】 王秋梅；

【导师】 谭培文；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 在古希腊罗马哲学时期,从巴曼尼德、柏拉图到亚里士多德,哲学注重的是万物“从其产生、最后又复归于它”的始基问题。在以自然哲学为主导的哲学中,基本问题一般表现为一和多、一般和个别的问题,而其他问题则从属于它。关于这个问题的讨论在中世纪仍然继续着,但是讨论并无结果。后来哲学家们发现,对“始基”问题的追寻是以认识论为基础的,由17世纪的法国哲学家笛卡尔所肇始的西方近代哲学将哲学引向了认识论。笛卡尔反对中世纪的宗教信条和经院哲学,主张人类理性的解放,建立了一个包罗万象的庞大哲学体系。他把自己的哲学比作一棵大树,树根是形而上学,树干是物理学,从树干上长出的树枝是其他所有的科学。因而笛卡尔认为只有哲学建立起来,才能为具体科学提供可靠的基础和指导原则。笛卡尔形成他独具特色的哲学思想是有其历史背景和理论来源的。17世纪的法国,封建主义生产关系趋于瓦解,资本主义有了一定程度的发展,从而大大加速了近代自然科学的进展,这对当时的哲学产生了深刻的影响,但是宗教神学在思想领域中仍然处于统治地位。笛卡尔作为那个时代的思想代表,他的哲学既体现了资产阶级反封建反神学、要求发展科学的进取精神,又反映了同封建贵族、天主教会相妥协的倾向。从理论来源上说,古希腊哲学中的理性思想和自我意识给了笛卡尔哲学原始的启发,中世纪哲学理性精神的继续酝酿和文艺复兴人文思想的有力冲击,都给笛卡尔哲学提供了丰富的思想来源。笛卡尔哲学思想的主要内容表现为:主体性哲学方法论;唯理主义认识论;身心二元论;关于自然学说的物理学。笛卡尔哲学思想极其丰富,几百年来,西方学者对笛卡尔的褒贬臧否,正反映出笛卡尔哲学多元发展的特色。首先,影响和培育了整个近代欧洲哲学。其次,确立了主体性原则,给现代哲学以有益的启发。第三,普遍怀疑思想在当代仍有其现实意义。第四,理性主义精神引起西方哲学界极大关注,其现代价值不容忽视。最后,笛卡尔哲学促进了西方近代科学理论的建构。探讨笛卡尔在西方思想界留下的不绝回音,重估其哲学思想的价值,分析西方哲学随着时代的变迁而对笛卡尔进行的反思和扬弃,对我们了解西方近现代乃至当代哲学的发展,无疑有着重要的启迪作用。由于笛卡尔哲学是在一定时代条件下形成的,它既展现出新时代思想萌芽的勃勃生机,却又保留了传统观念的深深烙印。我们必须把笛卡尔这个人和他的哲学思想放在辩证发展的历史长河中进行考察,真正用马克思主义的批判精神公正地分析和评价笛卡尔哲学思想。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the philosophy period of ancient Greece and Rome, from Burnet, Plato, to Aristotle, what philosophy was paid attention to is the beginning basic question that everything “produces from it, replies and belongs to it again”. Among taking natural philosophy as leading factor philosophy, the basic problem was shown as one and more, general and specific problem, and other problems were subordinated to it. The discussion about this question still continued in Middle Ages, but there was no result. Later the philosophers found that pursueing to “the beginning base” question was based on epistemology, the western modern philosophy started by French philosopher Descartes in the 17th century was guided into epistemology. Descartes objected to the religion creed and scholaticism philosophy, advocated mankind’s rational liberation, set up an all-embracing huge system of philosophy. He compared his own philosophy to be a big tree, the root is the metaphysics, the trunk is physics, the branch from the trunk is other science. Therefore, Descartes thought that only philosophy was set up, could offer reliable foundation and guideline for concrete science.There were historical background and theory source for Descartes to form his distinctive philosophy thought. In France, in the 17th century, the feudal relations of production tended towards disintegrating and the capitalism developed to a certain degree, thus the progress of modern natural science was accelerated greatly. And this had a deep impat on philosophy of that time, but the religion theology was still in the dominant position in the thought field. Descartes as the representive of the thought in the era, his philosophy reflected the capitalist class against feudalism and the theology, demanded to develop science enterprising spirit, and reflected the inclination of compromising with feudal nobles and the Rome Catholic Church. From the theory source, the rational thought and self-consciouness in ancient Greek philosophy gave the primitive inspiration of Descartes’ philosophy. The rational continuation of spirit ferment in Middle Ages and the effective impact of the humanism in Renaissance provided the abundant thought source for Descartes’ philosophy. The main content of Descartes’ philosophy thought is shown as : philosophy methodology of entity; rationalism epistemology; physical and psychological dualism; physics about the natural theory. Descartes philosophy thought is extremely abundant. Over several hundred years, the western scholars judged it positively or negatively, it reflected the characteristic of plural development of Descartes’ philosophy. First of all, it has influenced and fostered the whole modern European philosophy. Secondly, it has established the principle of entity and given modern philosophy helpful inspiration. Thirdly, the general suspect thought still has realistic meanings in <WP=5>contemporary times. Fourthly, the rational spirit causes the great concern of the western philosophy circle, its contemporary value can’t be ignored. Finally, Descartes’ philosophy promoted the construction of western modern scientific theory. It has undoubted important inspirating function for us to understand the development of modern times and even contemporary times to probe into the continual echo in western thought circle left by Descartes, to re-estimate the value of his philosophy thought, to analyse introspection and sublation that western philosophy carried on to Descartes as times changed. Because Descartes’ philosophy was constructed under a certain era terms, it showed the vitality of thought sprouted in the new era, but kept the branding of the traditional idea deeply. We must put Descartes and his philosophy thought among the long river of dialectical development to investigate, analyse and appraise the Descartes’ philosophy thought impartialy with Marxist criticism spirit.更多还原