【作者】 李莉霞；

【导师】 朱俊强；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 法学理论， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 洗钱,对于中国的很多老百姓来说,还是很陌生的字眼。然而,在我国存在相当规模的洗钱现象,早已是不争的事实。洗钱行为在国际与外国刑事立法上被单独确立为一种犯罪,是相当晚的事。美国是在1986年制定的《洗钱控制法》中才首次将洗钱规定为刑事犯罪的;而第一个国际性的反洗钱刑法规范则是1988年制定颁布的《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》(以下简称《联合国禁毒公约》)。我国是《联合国禁毒公约》的签约国,承担了在国内实体法中规定洗钱为犯罪并予以处罚的义务。我国将洗钱予以刑事犯罪化,这是值得肯定的。但是,由于我国在反洗钱立法方面才刚起步,缺乏相应的司法实践,理论研究也还不成熟,使得我国对于洗钱犯罪的惩治与预防处于摸索经验的初级阶段。在查阅大量中外关于洗钱和反洗钱的各类文献资料的同时,更加深了写本文的必要性和紧迫性的认识,这种紧迫感来自对我国洗钱严重程度和对我国反洗钱力量薄弱的深切忧虑。目前,国内围绕这一主题出版的书籍为数不多,而且侧重于对反洗钱法律制度的介绍,对我国洗钱犯罪的现状以及中国反洗钱法律制度等重要问题的探讨,还非常不足。我深感,积极探讨这些问题是我们不可推卸的责任。本文针对洗钱犯罪,采用综合、比较的研究方法,力求对我国反洗钱问题进行深层次的探讨。在论文之初,对洗钱这一现象进行全面考察:对洗钱定义、特征、国内洗钱的发展趋势和反洗钱的必要性进行了深入剖析。随后,论文对国内外洗钱犯罪构成要件进行分析、比较,提出我国洗钱罪法律规定所存在的缺陷,并对反洗钱立法和司法的完善提出若干实质性建议。除引言和结束语外,全文共分为四部分。第一部分主要阐述洗钱犯罪的概念、特征及国内发展趋势。在对比不同国家洗钱犯罪概念异同的基础上,分析了洗钱犯罪的主要特征和国内洗钱犯罪手段及发展趋势,并进一步揭示出严厉打击洗钱犯罪的必要性。第二部分对洗钱犯罪构成要件进行比较和分析。A、各国、各地区刑法中对洗钱犯罪对象的立法规定,大体分为三类:一切犯罪的收益、特定犯罪的收益、只限于毒品犯罪的收益。我国刑法中对洗钱犯罪对象规定为特定犯罪的收益。根据国际国外立法趋势和我国目前洗钱犯罪的实际情况来看,范围明显偏窄。建议扩大洗钱罪中的上游犯罪范围。B、根据国际反洗钱研究通说,将洗钱活动的发展过程区分为三阶段:放置阶段、多层化阶段和融合阶段。有些国家将三阶段都予以刑事犯罪化。而我国刑法规定的行为方式只包括了前两个阶段,建议增设洗钱罪罪名。C、洗钱犯罪的直接客体是国内外学者争议最多的问题。笔者大胆主张直接客体具有唯一性和确定性,并主张直接客体为司法机关追诉犯罪的正常活动。D、洗钱罪的主观要件为“故意”。不同国家对故意所要求的“明知”这一认识因素的要求规定有所不同。笔者对具体认识到是哪种法定的上游犯罪的违法所得及收益,持否定态度。E、洗钱罪主体各国、各地区立法从是否包括上游犯罪主体分为两大派:“他派”和“本派”。我国法无明文规定,又无司法解释,理论界争议较大。笔者主张,应包括上游犯罪主体,以利于彻底打击洗钱犯罪。第三部分对建立健全我国反洗钱法律制度体系进行了思考。在阐述我国反洗钱犯罪法律制度体系现状的基础上,详细分析了我国现行洗钱犯罪法律、法规及法律体系所存在的缺陷,并提出了制定《反洗钱法》、完善反洗钱犯罪刑事立法及人民银行制定的“一规两法”、加快金融改革、取缔地下钱庄。第四部分主要探讨我国反洗钱犯罪的司法完善。针对洗钱犯罪存在跨国性、复杂性、多样性等特点,司法机关应当严格依法打击和惩办洗钱犯罪,并建立专门的反洗钱机构,同时亦应进一步加强反洗钱国际司法协助和合作。<WP=4>更多还原

【Abstract】 Money laundering , as to a lot of ordinary people of China , is still the very unfamiliar word. However, it is fact not debating for a long time that there is large-scale money laundering. Money laundering is stipulated late to commit a crime by international and foreign criminal legislation. Money laundering was stipulated as criminal act in 《The money Laundering Control Act of 1986》maken by U. S. in 1986. 《United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic In Narcotic Drugs And Psychotropic Substances》promulgated in 1988 is the first international criminal rules on money laundering. Our country, one of signatory to this treaty, undertook to rule and punish money laundering in national substantive law. It should be affirmed that money laundering is ruled a crime in our country. Our country is at the beginning of legislation on money laundering, so, lacks of judicial practice. Theoretical study is not becoming mature, so it is at the beginning of how to prohibite and solute money laundering crime, too.While consulting different types of literature datum on international and national money laundering, the author realized the essentiality and urgency of writing this thesis. This kind of feeling of urgency originated from the deep anxiety that money laundering becomes seriouser and seriouser while anti-money-laundering force is still weak. At present, the national works about this subject are not much. They lay particular emphasis on introduction of legal system, not on the current situation of money laundering crime and construction of anti-money-laundering legal system. I feel that approaching these problems is our inescapable responsibility.In this thesis, the author makes a comprehensive and comparative study of money laundering and comparative study of money laundering and approaches the problem in different perspctive. First, a comprehensive study is made about money laundering, which includes a thorough research on its definition, feature and national development tendency. There follows an analysis and comparison of constitutive elements of money laundering crime between international and national criminal rules, and put forward the defects of national criminal rules. Last, sustentative suggestions are made that it makes legislation and judicature system more perfect. Except for introduction and concluding remarks, it is divided into four parts.The first part explains the concept, characteristic and national development trend of money laundering crime mainly. On the basis of comparing with different similarities and differences of crime concept of country’s money laundering, analyses the main characteristic and national money laundering crime means and development trend of money laundering crime, and reveal the necessity of attacking money laundering crime sternly.The second part, comparing composition of money laundering crime. A、the crime targets of money laundering is divided into three in criminal law of every country and every area: The incomes of all crimes, income only limited to the crime of the drugs, of the specific crime. Stipulate the crime target of money laundering for the income of the specific crime in the criminal law of our country. At international foreign legislative trends and our present situation of money laundering crime, The <WP=6>range is obvious and simply narrow, the author propose expanding the crime range of the upper reaches in money laundering crime. B、in international study on anti-money-laundering, the process is divided into: placement, layering, intergration. Some countries make three stages crimization. In our country’s criminal law only includes the first two stages. I propose increasing the crime charge of money laundering. C、Scholar dispute the direct objects of money laundering crime both at home and abroad. The author maintains that the direct object has uniqueness and determinacy, and maintain that it should be hinder the normal activity of the judicial department. D、Subjective important document of money laundering are" on purpose". Different countri更多还原