【作者】 张莉；

【导师】 赵惠燕； 陈巨莲；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)是同翅目昆虫，麦长管蚜种群不仅危害小麦、大麦、燕麦、荞麦、甘蔗、水稻、高粱、玉米、鹅冠草、荻草、芒草、鸡腿草、荠菜等，在国外还危害雀麦、黑麦、鸭嘴草、郁金香、唐菖蒲、红三叶、毛茛和茅梅等。麦长管蚜在我国麦区均有发生，是大多数麦区的优势种之一。小麦品种的营养成分、种类、组成和含量直接影响了麦长管蚜的生长、发育、繁殖，使得小麦品种的抗蚜性密切相关。从氨基酸的种类与含量对小麦抗蚜性的研究尚未取得很好的一致性，因此对小麦氨基酸抗麦长管蚜机制的认识还很模糊。通过小麦间营养差异鉴别抗、感蚜品种，由于缺少有关麦长管蚜全世代生长发育的基本营养需求的研究结果, 因而无法深入研究。麦长管蚜人工饲料问题的解决，可以为培育抗蚜小麦提供了营养依据。本研究采用正交设计，预备试验后，对全人工饲料中22种氨基酸、胆固醇和微量盐等25个因素，3个水平共54个配方的麦长管蚜全纯人工饲料进行研究与分析，以期获得最佳的营养配方。研究过程中发现蚜虫体内共生菌对蚜虫人工饲养的生长发育与繁殖有很大的影响，因而增加了共生菌对蚜虫影响分析的内容。取得如下结果：1．54个配方中有2个配方分别适用麦长管蚜的生长期和生殖期的人工饲养，正好符合小麦营养生长和生殖生长。2．明确了对蚜虫存活影响最大的十种因子，即：谷氨酸、蛋氨酸、天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、脯氨酸、异亮氨酸、组氨酸、亮氨酸、丝氨酸、苯丙氨酸。明确了对蚜虫成虫繁殖影响最大的十种因子即：蛋氨酸、谷氨酰胺、脯氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、MgCl2.6H2O、丝氨酸、胱氨酸。明确了对蚜虫成虫生长影响最大的十种因子即：蛋氨酸、谷氨酰胺、丝氨酸、天冬酰胺、精氨酸、脯氨酸、MgCl2.6H2O、甘氨酸、谷氨酸、胆固醇。3.用抗生素去除蚜虫体内共生菌的试验表明：处理组与对照组蚜虫在同一小麦品种上产仔数差异显著，处理组的蚜虫产仔数明显降低，说明共生菌对蚜虫生殖的影响显著；在不同小麦品种上，处理组产仔数也低于对照组，但抗性强弱与次序有所变化，表明共生菌影响小麦对蚜虫的抗性。去除共生菌的麦长管蚜存活率高于对照组，表明共生菌的存在不利于蚜虫的存活；品种间相比，处理组和对照组的蚜虫存活率变化显著，除了KOK品种外，处理组的存活率显著高于对照组，表明去除共生菌后，小麦对处理后的蚜虫抗性降低，即共生菌影响小麦的抗虫性。 <WP=6>4. 在全纯饲料A上饲养用抗生素处理的麦长管蚜，与对照组差异显著，处理组蚜虫的存活率显著低于对照组，表明：蚜虫体内共生菌可以合成并提供给寄主一定的营养；参数分析表明，处理组死亡率下降最快的时间是5.18天；同时试验还表明：麦长管蚜的全纯饲料的组分还不能保证蚜虫生长所需的营养，有待于进一步完善。而麦长管蚜与共生菌间的营养关系，共生菌、蚜虫和小麦抗性之间的关系有待进一步研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 The English grain aphid Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae) is an important pest on wheat in North China. Its growth, development and reproduction were influenced directly by the nutrition component and its percentage in wheat. The sort and percentage of amino acid in wheat play a critical role in resistance to aphids. But, at present, the mechanisms of resistance of AA were not understood very well so that the hypotheses which are supported consistently are absent. In this paper, we studied the function and mechanism of AA in wheat resistance to the aphid by using all chemically defined diet. After having made experiments primarily, we designed 54 protocols with orthogonality of chemically defined diet and provided to S. avenae in laboratory in order to gain some optimum prescriptions. Those protocols were composed of different assemblages of 22 AA, cholesterin and micro-saltine in 3 levels. At the same time, symbiotic bacteria in bodies of aphids are another factor that can impact on its growth and reproduction and was analyzed in our study.The results in our studies as follows: 1. Among those protocols, two prescriptions, which accorded with the nutritional and reproductive growth of wheat, were match with the nutritional requirement in growth and reproduction stage of S. avenae. 2. The results showed that there were 10 AA which were more necessary for the survival of S. avenae, including Glu，Met，Asp，Gly，Pro，Ile，His，Leu，Ser，Phe. The reproduction of aphids was influenced more severely by following 10 AA: Met, Gln, Pro, Asn, Glu, Lys, Arg, MgCl2.6H2O, Ser, Cyss. But the growth of aphids was affected by following 10 AA: Met, Gln, Ser, Asn, Arg, Pro, MgCl2.6H2O, Gly, Glu, cholesterin.3. The result of experiments which symbiotic bacteria in aphids’ bodies were wiped off showed that aposymbiotic S. avenae had significant lower reproductivities than aphids in control. The bacteria had an obvious impact on aphids’ reproductivities. Moreover, the results also showed the bacteria affected the efficacy of resistance to aphids of wheat.On the other hand, aposymbiotic S. avenae had a higher livability than that of aphids in control, which suggested that symbiotic bacteria make against survival of aphids. When feed on different varieties of wheat, survival rates aposymbiotic S. avenae as well as in control were different, except that on the variety KOK. Otherwise, resistance of wheat was lower to aphids in treatment than to ones in control, which suggested that expression of resistance to aphids was affected by the symbiotic bacteria in aphids’ bodies. 4. Survival of aphids feed on chemically defined diet was significant lower than that of control, which suggested that the symbiotic bacteria in aphids could synthesize some nutrition <WP=8>and provide part to their hosts – aphids.All of the components in chemically defined diet could not completely match with the nutritional requirement of aphids in all of their lives. Further studies on superior protocol of chemically defined diet needed in following days. The detailed interactions between symbiotic bacteria, aphids and wheat are the key questions that needed be understood very well, and the mechanisms of those interactions needed further studies.更多还原