【作者】 杨延兵；

【导师】 高荣岐；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 作物遗传育种学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 选用品质(营养品质和加工品质)有明显差异的四个冬小麦品种济南17、PH8-2-2、PH97-4、PH97-5,在高、低氮肥水平和和起身期和抽穗期追肥时期下,采用大田试验和微区试验相结合,室内生理生化分析与细胞形态观察相结合,研究了不同类型品种之间籽粒品质形成的差异及其对施氮量和追肥时间的响应,以探讨小麦品质形成的机理,为品质育种和专业化栽培提供理论依据。得到的主要结果如下: 1. 不同品种类型间产量和品质(营养品质和加工品质)差异显著,蛋白质含量高的品种PH82-2-2和PH97-5产量显著低于蛋白质含量相对较低的品种济南 17 和 PH97-4;加工品质济南 17 和 PH82-2-2 明显优于PH97-4 和 PH97-5。 施氮量和追肥时间能显著影响产量,高氮施肥产量显著高于低氮施肥,起身期追肥显著高于抽穗期追肥。不同品种湿面筋含量、籽粒容重、硬度,施氮量间差异不显著,抽穗期追肥较起身期追肥却有显著提高;沉降值、降落值对氮素处理不敏感;吸水率和面团稳定时间施氮量间差异不显著;不同品种粉质特性差异显著。运筹氮肥能改善小麦加工品质,不同品种对氮素的响应程度不同。 2. 品种之间氮素积累和分布存在显著差异,蛋白质含量高的品种PH82-2-2 和 PH97-5 成熟期籽粒氮素积累量较高,蛋白质含量低的品种PH97-4 在茎杆和叶鞘中残留了较多的氮素,PH97-5 在叶中(旗叶和其他叶)残留的氮最少。施氮量和追肥时期对氮素在籽粒中积累影响较小。 3. N 示踪结果表明追肥时期能显著影响氮素的当季利用率,起身期 15追肥比抽穗期追肥氮素利用率提高 10.1 个百分点,品种对氮素的当季利用率存在显著差异,PH82-2-2 的氮素当季利用率高。 4. 品种之间游离氨基酸动态变化存在显著差异,开花 21 天前,PH82-2-2 游离氨基酸的含量最高,开花 21 天后,PH97-5 的游离氨基酸含量下降较慢。品种之间籽粒蛋白质含量积累动态存在显著差异,PH82-2-2自始至终水平较高,PH97-4 最低;花后 21 天后,PH97-5 积累较快,终期蛋白质含量较高。施氮量对游离氨基酸和蛋白质含量动态变化的影响差异不显著,追肥时间能影响游离氨基酸含量的动态变化,但对蛋白质含量 1<WP=8>不同类型冬小麦品质形成差异机理的研究的动态变化影响差异不显著。 5. 品种之间清蛋白和球蛋白动态变化有一定差异,35 天成熟收获时,清蛋白和球蛋白品种之间差异不显著。醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白积累动态差异显著,PH82-2-2 醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白在籽粒发育过程中含量一直最高,PH97-5醇溶蛋白次之,其谷蛋白在开花 28 天后,积累加快;PH97-4 的醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白则最低。 6. 不同品种功能叶片 NR 活性变化趋势都呈现“S”形,高蛋白品种PH82-2-2 和 PH97-5 开花后酶活性较高,低蛋白品种 PH97-4 的 NR 活性相对较低,说明前者花后吸氮能力较强。不同品种功能叶片和籽粒的 GS和 GDH 对氮素的响应程度存在差异。 7. 不同品种籽粒的高分子量谷蛋白有固定的亚基组成,谷蛋白亚基具有遗传稳定性,亚基积累的早晚以及积累量的多少受栽培条件影响,抽穗追肥亚基积累较早,起身期追肥亚基积累较晚,抽穗期追肥对亚基积累量影响较起身期大。 8.开花后 7 天,胚乳糊粉层已开始形成,PH97-4 糊粉层细胞分化晚,但较快;成熟期其胚乳内部淀粉粒排列松散,而其他三个品种淀粉粒排列紧密。不同品种的胚乳结构有差异,PH82-2-2 和 PH97-5 的糊粉层在部分区域有两层细胞,而济南 17 和 PH97-4 的糊粉层细胞为一层。糊粉粒内的形态构造品种间也存在差异,济南 17 的糊粉粒较小,内部植酸晶体小,但电子密度大的圆球体大且明显;PH82-2-2 不但具有很大的植酸晶体,而且晶体内有一鱼鳞状圆核,无电子密度大的圆球体。更多还原

【Abstract】 It studied how the varieties responded to the N fertilizer rates and thedressing stage so as to inquire into the theory that the difference existed in thewheat quality. It applied four varieties just as Jinan17 PH82-2-2 PH97-4 andPH97-5 in which the difference of quality was significantly. In the condition ofN fertilizer rates (high and low) and the dressing stage (the jointing stage andthe heading stage), In case, the experiment be launched in farm and theanalysis of physiology and biochemistry be launched indoors, it was inprogress in Shandong agriculture university. It indicated the case as: 1.The responses of grain yield and quality of different winter wheatvarieties to nitrogen were studied on the condition of two N rates (88kg·hm-2and 176kg·hm-2, pure nitrogen) and two top dressing stages (rising stage andheading stage). The results indicated grain yield and N harvest weresignificantly higher at high N rate than at low N rate, increasing by401.9kg·hm-2 and 11.9kg·hm-2 respectively; and they were more when Nfertilizer was applied at rising stage than it was at heading stage, increasing by379.3kg hm-2 and 8.1kg hm-2 respectively. Response of protein content ofdifferent varieties was different at two N fertilizer rates and two top dressingstages. Difference of protein content of between Jinan17 and PH97-4 was notsignificant at different N rates, however, protein content of PH82-2-2 andPH97-5 were significantly higher when N fertilizer was applied at headingstage than it was at rising stage, up 0.6 per cent. Differences of wet glutencontent and volume weight and hardness of grain were not significant atdifferent N rates, and they were higher when N fertilizer was applied atheading stage. Differences of sedimentation volume and falling number werenot significant at different N rates and at top dressing stages. Water absorptionand stability time of paste were not distinct at different N rates, and waterabsorption of flour increased by 0.7 per cent, while developing time andstability time of paste decreased respectively by 1.39min and 0.61min when N 3<WP=10>不同类型冬小麦品质形成差异机理的研究fertilizer was applied at heading stage. Flour quality parameters of differentwinter wheat varieties were markedly diverse. Processing quality couldimprove if we properly applied N fertilizer, however, the effect was notdistinct. Quality characteristics of winter wheat varieties were dominated bygenotypes. 2.The accumulation and distribution of nitrogen were significant differentin different varieties. The kernel nitrogen accumulation of high-proteinvarieties (PH82-2-2 and PH97-5) was high in maturity. Nitrogen accumulationwas much more in stem and vagina and less in leaf of PH97-4. The dressingtime and nitrogen apply amount had less effect on nitrogen accumulation inkernel. 3.The time of dressing fertilizer had significant effect on nitrogenutilization rate in season. Compared with dressing at heading stage, the ratecould be increased by 10% as dressing at jointing stage. The significantdifferences of nitrogen utilization rate in varieties were due to the generaldistributed differences of absorbing nitrogen in varieties. 4.The dynamic changes of free amino acids were significantly different invarieties. The content of free amino acids of PH82-2-2 was highest before 21DAA and that of PH97-5 declined slowly after 21 DAA. The content of thetwo varieties came to be comparatively high in the end. The dynamic changesof protein content were significantly different in varieties. The protein contentwas higher in PH82-2-2 from first to last and that of PH97-4 was the lowest.The protein accumulation of PH97-5 speed up after 21 DAA, then went to ahigh level. The nitrogen supply amount had no significant effect on thedynamic content changes of free amino acids and protein. The dressing timehad effect on the changes of free amino acids content, but it had no significanteffec更多还原