【作者】 孙伟红；

【导师】 劳秀荣；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 植物营养学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 长期定位肥料试验作为农田生态系统的重要研究方法,具有常规试验不可比拟的优点。本试验选用山东省齐河县华店乡和焦斌乡两地代表黄淮海农区的潮土,设置秸秆不同用量与氮磷肥配施为 6 个主处理、两种土质为副处理,进行盆栽试验,对麦玉两熟长期不同施肥条件下土壤理化性质的动态变化、土壤钾库形态的转化、土壤养分的平衡状况、土壤酶的活性及微生物区系等进行了系统研究,初步探讨秸秆还田改土培肥的增产效应与机理,主要研究结果如下: 1 秸秆还田量与土壤盐分呈显著正相关。秸秆与化肥配施的土壤可溶性盐分有增加趋势。砂壤土含盐量高于中壤土。另外,土壤盐分也与气候和作物生育期等因素有关。 2 秸秆还田能改善土壤的通气状况,降低土壤容重和 pH 值,协调土壤水肥气热等生态条件,为根系生长创造良好的土壤环境。 3 秸秆还田能显著增加土壤有机质积累,提高土壤养分的有效性。两种质地的土壤,其有机质季节积累和养分生物有效性的变化动态相似,即 6 月 2 日最高,6 月 22 日最低。土壤有机质及有效养分含量都随施肥年限的延长而递减,且中壤土的各肥力指标均大于砂壤土。 4 秸秆还田量与水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、特殊吸附钾和非交换钾含量呈显著正相关,与矿物钾呈显著负相关。长期秸秆还田土壤钾素年度变化规律:非交换钾、特殊吸附钾呈逐年上升趋势;水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、矿物钾呈逐年下降趋势。 5 秸秆还田量与土壤有效铁、锌、锰之间呈显著正相关,与速效铜相关性不好;两种不同质地土壤微量元素均有类似规律:即 N1P1M3>N1P1M2>N1P1M1>N0P0M2>N1P1M0>N0P0M0。除有效铜外,土壤有效锌、锰、铁季节性变化都较明显。 6 两种质地的土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性强度变化趋势是 N1P1M3>N1P1M2>N1P1M1>N0P0M2>N1P1M0>N0P0M0。在 NP 肥用量相同的各处理中,秸秆还田量与土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性密切相关。两种土质的土壤脲酶、磷酸酶与有机质、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾均呈极显著相关。 1<WP=7>长期秸秆还田改土培肥综合效应的研究两种酶都有随施肥年限的延长而递减的趋势。 7 秸秆还田后,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量均有所增加,且细菌>放线菌>真菌。在小麦分蘖期,各处理的微生物数量最少;小麦返青期后菌类数量迅速增加;微生物数量的高峰期出现在玉米拔节期和大喇叭口期。 8 秸秆还田能显著提高作物产量,中壤土的增产效果比砂壤土好。总产量与秸秆还田量呈显著正相关;小麦的千粒重和生物量都与秸秆还田量呈显著正相关,而株高、穗粒数和有效穗数与秸秆还田量的相关性不显著;玉米的穗粒重、千粒重与秸秆还田量之间达到了显著水平,而穗粒数和穗行数与还田量的相关性不显著。 9 作物对 N、P、K 的吸收量随秸秆还田量的增加而提高;在 N、P、K 投入量相同的条件下,中壤土中作物对养分的吸收量大于砂壤土;在化肥施入量相同的条件下,土壤氮素始终保持盈余状态,而磷素和钾素均处于亏缺状态。更多还原

【Abstract】 By comparison with routine fertilizer experiments, long—term fixedposition experiments that is an important means by which corn fieldecosystem are studied have many advantages. Experiment was carried outwith flouvo-aguic soils of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain coming from Huadian andJiaobin village of Qihe Shandong Province. Pot experiment, setting six maintreatments of straw combination to fertility and two subsidiary treatments ofsoil texture, were carried out to study the dynamic change of soil properties,translation of potassium form, nutrient balance, activity of soil enzymes andmicrobe species in the condition of wheat/maize rotation system. The effectand mechanism of increase production were also discussed preparatory. Theresult showed: 1 Soil salinity was positive related to the amount of using strawmarkedly, and improved highest by straw combination to fertility. Medium loamsoil was higher than sandy loam soil. In addition, soil salinity were effectedby climate、growing season et al. 2 Straw back to soil improved porosity, reduced soil unit weight and pH,harmonizd ecological condition and created favorable soil environment. 3 Soil organs matter and available nutrient were improved by strawback to soil, and they had the same seasonal dynamic change, highest inJune 2 and lowest in June 22. Soil organs matter and available nutrientdecreased with year, and medium loam soil was higher than sandy loamsoil. 4 Soil non-exchangeable K, water soluble K, specifically absorbed Kand non-specifically absorbed K are all positively related to the amount ofstraw remarkably, while mineral K is negatively correlative. The variant 3<WP=9>长期秸秆还田改土培肥综合效应的研究regularity of soil K is that non-exchangeable K and specifically absorbed Kare increasing, but the other forms of K are decreasing. 5 Soil available Zn、Fe、Mn were all positive related to the amount ofusing straw markedly, but soil available Cu was unmarked. Soilmicroelement had the same rule, N1P1M3>N1P1M2>N1P1M1>M2>N1P1M0 > N0P0M0, and they all had evident seasonal change exceptavailable Cu. 6 Soil urease and phosphatase had the same trend, N1P1M3>N1P1M2>N1P1M1>N0P0M2>N1P1M2>N0P0M0, and they were related to the amountof using straw nearly and all positive related to soil organs matter andavailable nutrient markedly. Soil urease and phosphatase decreased withyear. 7 Straw returning increased the quantity of soil bacteria, fungi andactinomycetes, and bacteria>actinomycetes>fungi. The quantity of microbewas least in tillering stage and increased after reviving stage, and cornjointing stage and male tetrad stage were its fastigium. 8 Straw returning increased yield notably, and the effect of mediumloam soil was better. Yield、1000-grain weight、biomass of wheat and spikegrain weight、1000-grain weight of corn were all positive related to theamount of using straw markedly, but plant height、grains/ear、effective/earof wheat and grains/ear、rows per spike of corn were unmarked. 9 Amount of N, P and K absorption increased with the amount of usingstraw, and medium loam soil was higher. Applying the same chemicalfertilizer, soil N was surplus, but soil P and K were waney.更多还原