【作者】 李淑英；

【导师】 殷啸虎；

【作者基本信息】 华东政法学院 ， 宪法学与行政法学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 经济、社会、文化权利是二十世纪现代立宪主义的重要内容,是要求国家权力积极干预、保障的权利,劳动权是其中的首要权利。由于我国特殊的国情,社会发展经历了和西方发达资本主义国家不同的道路,特别是目前处于从计划经济向社会主义市场经济的转型期,相应地对劳动权的保障也呈现出不同的样态。本文从宪政的角度探讨了我国公民劳动权的保障方法和途径,以期对社会主义市场经济条件下人权的研究有所帮助。 一在人类历史的相当一个时期中,人们的劳动要求并不是通过权利术语表达的,劳动权作为人的基本权利大致经历了五个历史发展阶段。作为公民基本权利的劳动权不是一种权利,而是一束权利,它代表了与工作或劳动结合在一起的若干权利的集合。传统劳动权理论与计划经济体制相联系,已无法适应社会主义市场经济发展的客观需要。综合国际国内对劳动权内涵的讨论,结合<WP=4>我国的立法和社会实际,笔者以为,市场经济条件下的劳动权是以公民享有就业权为核心和基础,同时又包括劳动者自由选择与接受工作的权利、保障基准以上劳动条件的权利和社会保障权等共四个方面的权利。至于劳动权的性质,笔者认为,劳动权具有两重性,即同时具有自由权和社会权的属性。自由权和社会权是两种不同性质的权利,把性质迥异的自由权性质的劳动权与社会权性质的劳动权统一于一体之内来加以保障,是我国处于特定历史阶段的必然要求。 二 传统的计划经济社会对劳动权保障是以国家保障为主,表现为实行高度集中统一的统分统配的就业制度、统规统调的工资制度、统包统揽的保障制度。城镇全部新增劳动力的就业由国家统一包揽,新增劳动力的工作岗位由国家统一调配。计划经济社会对劳动权的保障模式无法适应我国从农业社会向工业社会的转型,无法适应现代企业制度的建立,无法适应国家机构改革的需要,其弊端日趋明显。三社会主义市场经济的建立和发展呼唤着新型的劳动权保障,理论和社会现实的发展为新型的劳动权保障的建立提供了条件。从理论上看,中国学者于九十年代提出了不同于西方的中国式的“市民社会与国家”的理论,为我们探讨市场经济条件下劳动权的保障提供了分析框架。从我国社会现实的发展状况来看,改革开放后的二十年,集体经济和非公有制经济迅猛发展,为建构有中国特色的市民社会,也为城乡劳动力的就业开辟了一条新的途径。我国社会经济结构已发生了重大变化,非国有经济成为就业主要载体,<WP=5>劳动权的保障呈现出新的特点。 从国际环境来看,经济全球化进程进入资本与政府的“共谋”时期,这必然对我国公民劳动权的保障产生严峻而深远的影响。作为社会主义国家的政府,必须主动制定积极的社会政策,制约市场经济本身固有的消极方面,同时努力完善我国的劳动法制,尽快提高我国的劳动标准,以保障最大多数公民的劳动权利得以真正实现。劳动权不仅是一项综合权利,它还是人权体系中的一个重要分支,劳动权的实现和保障还需要与之相关的权利和制度的建设。结合我国的实际,笔者认为今后至少需要在保障劳工基本权和建立统一的国内人才就业市场两个方面做出创造性和持久性的努力。更多还原

【Abstract】 What are important in modern constitutionalism in the twentith century are economic, social and cultural rights, which are requiring active intervention and guarantee by the government. Right of labor is of the first priority. Because of particular situation in China, social development undergoes a different way from other western developed countries. Especially China now is changing from the planned economy to socialist market economy, protection of right to work varies accordingly. This dissertation makes probe into the methods and ways of protecting citizen’s right to work from the standpoint of constitutionalism, aiming to help in the study on human rights in socialist market economy.<WP=7>一For a long time in human’s history, people’s requirement to work had not been termed by right. As a basic right, development of right to work roughly has five historical stages.As the basic right of citizen, right to work is a bound of rights rather than a single right, representing a collection of combined rights concerning jobs or labor. Traditional theory of right to work is related with the planned economic system and cannot meet the requirements of socialist market economy. Combining different theories about the nature of right to work from abroad and at home, referring to legislations and social practice in China, the author argues that, in market economy the right to work has four aspects, including the right of employment as the core and basis, right of freedom to choose and accept jobs, right to have standard working environment or above and social security rights.It is held that right of labor has two folds of nature, i.e., right of freedom and social right. Although these two aspects of right to work are of different nature, it is necessity to combine them together into one system of right to work in such a special historical stage of China. 二In traditional planned society, assurance of right to work relies mainly on governmental security, manifested by the highly centric employment system <WP=8>in which jobs were assigned by the government, nationally unified salary system and social security system. New labors in the cities and towns were all regulated and assigned positions by the government.Such a planned economic mode of security to right to work can adapt neither to Chinese transition from an agricultural society to industrial society, nor to the establishment of modern enterprises institution, nor to the need of governmental organization innovation. Its defect becomes more and more obvious. 三The establishment and development of socialist market economy asks for a new type of security to right of labor, which is provided with basis by the development in theory and social practice. Theoretically, the theory of Chinese “civil society and state”, suggested by Chinese scholars, offers a framework in which we can discuss the security of right to work in the situation of market economy.From the aspect of social practice, during the twenty years after opening up and reforming, the collective economy and private economy have gained great development, paving a new path not only for constructing a civil society with Chinese characteristic, but also for the employment of working force in cities and countryside. Social and economic structures in China have changed substantially, with non-state economy becoming the major sector of employment. The security of right to work has displayed new characteristics. <WP=9>Internationally, economic globalization is entering into a “conspiracy” time of capital and states, which surely affects Chinese security of right to work severely and deeply. As a socialist country, China should make active social policies, limit the negative factors inherent in market economy, perfect labor-related laws and regulations, increase labor standard as soon as possible, thus to realize most citizens’ right of labor.Right of labor is not only a bound of rights, but also an important branch of human right system. It is necessary to set up relevan更多还原