【作者】 王红娟；

【导师】 刘志辉；

【作者基本信息】 新疆大学 ， 自然地理， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 在中国西部的一些高海拔山区，融雪水是极其重要的水资源，在水资源合理利用中扮演着极其重要的角色。对于山区水库与水电站而言，融雪水是这些水库水电站蓄水的主要来源，也是控制水库调蓄、合理安排工农业与生活用水的重要组成部分。天山北坡绿洲地带是新疆重要的经济带，其水资源主要来自天山北坡山区径流。春季为枯水季节，融雪径流是春播灌溉的重要水源，可缓解春旱灾害，但如果融雪形成春洪也会造成洪水灾害，因此，研究天山北坡河流融雪径流形成规律，对于正确地评价和合理开发利用该地区水资源具有十分重要的意义。本文以乌鲁木齐河为实验流域，对分布式融雪径流模型在干旱区的应用进行了深入研究和分析，介绍了积雪遥感制图的方法和国内外研究现状，介绍了分布式水文模型的研究现状和发展趋势，比较了几种国外常用的融雪径流的水文模型，目的是建立一个适用于干旱区的分布式融雪径流模型，并适用于干旱区其他流域的研究和模拟。乌鲁木齐河流域的补给方式是冰雪融水和雨水混合补给，流域内高差较大，产流类型分布不均匀，除了与高程有关，还与有无冰川积雪覆盖有关，这些特点要求在水文过程的模拟中，采用分布式的水文模型，即考虑流域内不同的空间位置上的不同情况，采用不同的计算方法、不同的参数、不同的输入变量。基于数字高程模型的分布式水文模型也是解决资料短缺地区的各种水文估计的有效途径。本文采用PRMS模型中关于融雪日径流计算的部分内容，根据流域等高线和植被分布情况将对整个流域进行划分，划分成18个HRU（水文响应单元），其中按等高线分成的四个分带中，都有一个代表气象站，以此气象站的实测数据作为整个分带的输入数据。结合流域数字高程模型（DEM）和积雪积累和消融期的MODIS遥感影像，按照每个HRU单独进行融雪径流的模拟，最后，将每个HRU计算出的融雪量按照马斯京根法进行汇流演算，至流域出山口。与实测日径流过程线进行比较，发现模拟过程线的趋势与实测值较吻合，低值部分吻合较好，高值部分偏小。说明这种探索和研究对于干旱区水资源预测和管理具有一定的实用指导意义。其中HRU按照等高线以及植被的分布相结合进行划分，是该文的一个创新点。该文利用了RiverTools软件处理乌鲁木齐河流域DEM。RiverTools是一个用于分析和显示数字地形、流域和河网的GIS应用软件，它的突出的功能就是可以根据非常大的DEM提取河网和分析水文特征，比ArcInfo或ArcView更快捷、更实用。该文利用ENVI处理MODIS遥感影像，对已经经过投影转换和校正过的遥感影像进行波段计算。采用积雪覆盖指数法（NDSI（Normalized difference snow index）归一化积雪指数）来提取积雪覆盖面积，针对MODIS的波段，提出了自己的波段算法，然后对非积雪和积雪进行分类，以此来提取积雪。最后，通过MAPINFO对其进行矢量化，将积雪分配到各个HRU上，以此来计算每个HRU的产流量。本文对今后的工作进行了展望，建议在对流域的综合情况进行深入细致研究后，增<WP=3>加冻土对径流的影响研究和冰川融水的加入，并且，可以尝试以不同的方法进行HRU的划分，同时，建议获取多源遥感数据，计算HRU积雪面积，积雪深度和积雪表面反照率，更好的确定模型的参数和计算方法，以期达到更精确的模拟效果。更多还原

【Abstract】 In some high-altitude mountainous area of the western China, snowmelt water is the most important water resources and plays an important role in reasonable use of the water resources. To the reservoirs and the water power stations, snowmelt water is the primary storing source and take an important part in controlling the quantity of the water in reservoirs and reasonably arranging the water used in industry, agriculture and living. The oasis in the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain is the most important economic exploitation region in Xinjiang Province and its water source comes principally from the runoff in mountainous area of the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain. Spring is the low water season. Snowmelt water is the important water source that can release the drought, but there will be flood if the snowmelt water cause spring flood. So doing research on the rule of the snowmelt generation in the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain has great meaning for developing，using，and managing water resources in this area.This thesis takes the Urumqi River as experimental basin, making deep researches and analyses on application of the distributed model of snowmelt runoff in arid area, introducing the internal and external research actuality of remote sensing mapping for snow pack, introducing research actuality and developing trend of the distributed hydrological model, comparing several external common hydrological model about snowmelt runoff. This paper’s aim is to construct a distributed model of snowmelt runoff suitable for arid area and it can be used to research and simulate other basins in arid area.The replenishment way of the Urumiqi River is the mixed replenishment of ice and snowmelt and rainwater. The inner drainage area has high-difference and unwell-balanced distributing types of runoff generation. Besides relating to altitude, it relates to ice and snow cover. These characters require adopting distributed hydrological model which can introduces different computing ways, different parameters and different input variables according to different situations when simulate the hydrological process. The distributed hydrological model based on DEM (digital elevation model) is also an available approach to resolve diversified hydrological estimation in the regions that are short of data.This thesis adopts a part of PRMS (Precipitation-Runoff Modelling System) about computing daily runoff of snowmelt and accords to the contour and the distributing situations of the vegetation in the basin to divide the whole drainage area into eighteen HRU (hydrological response unit) ，in every contour zone there is a weather station and we can use practical data from weather station as the input data for whole belt. According to the elevation of HRU and different months, this research adjusts the temperature and precipitation of HRU in which the daily temperature of HRU is adjusted <WP=5>by different lapse of temperature. The covering areas of snow in every HRU are calculated by MODIS image of the snow accumulation and melt. Combining the extracted snow area and DEM of basin, this research computes the runoff from quantity of snowmelt. Finally we calculate the flux from every HRU according to Muskingan rule, until to the basin export. Comparing the practical daily stream curve, this research finds that the trend of the simulated process curve inosculates the practical data and the part of low value is well meanwhile high value is smaller. The paper analyses and evaluates the error and proves this research has some utility direction meaning to water resources predictability and management in arid area. And divide the basin into HRU according to the contour and vegetation is one innovation of this thesis. This thesis use Rivertools to process DEM of Urumqi river basin. Rivertools is a kind of applied GIS software, which can analyze and display digital terrain, basin and river network. Its projecting function is that it can extract and analyze the hydrological character according to the very big DEM, so it is more rapid更多还原