生态补偿制度法律研究

【作者】 张晓；

【导师】 肖国兴；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 经济法， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 随着经济的发展，资源在不断满足经济增长的需要，同时也带来了必然的危及人类生存的生态环境恶化，我们一直在探索如何合理的保护资源，如何做到资源保护和经济的协调发展，可持续发展。生态补偿制度作为其中的一个微观方面，是一个不容忽视的方面，它是一个生态、经济、法律的综合体。 生态补偿是对因保护环境而丧失发展机会的区域内的居民进行的资金、技术、实物上的补偿，政策上的优惠，以及为增进环境保护意识，提高环境保护水平而进行的科研、教育费用的支出。其目的在于消除过多人工能量的加入导致的原有生态系统的失衡。但这并不意味着我们要减少人类活动的范围，针对现代文明导致的全球性的生态问题，采取相应的补偿措施，减少人类活动给生态系统带来的损害，恢复整个生态系统的物质与能量循环。目前，我国尚未实行生态补偿制度，但存在生态补偿的实质，生态补偿的做法也在不断改善。2001年底，我国建立了生态建设基金，并启动了试点工程，其中河南、山东、陕西、江苏4省及上海、天津、柳州3市已开展二氧化硫排放总量控制及排污权交易政策试点工作，特别是河南省的郑州、洛阳、焦作、安阳、三门峡、济源等6市12县先期实施排污权交易。这些准备和探索为生态补偿制度的建立打下了基础。 本文从客观角度分析了生态补偿制度的存在和发展，从时间角度分析了建立该制度的必要性和可行性，从经济角度阐述了该制度的资金来源及管理使用，从法律角度探索研究了行为主体的权利、义务及法律责任。本文侧重点在于针对现阶段生态补偿制度存在的问题，提出了该制度的设计模式。首先是建立该制度的前提，就目前情况看，我国人口问题、资源问题、环境污染问题已成严重趋势，严重影响了我国经济的发展，如不及时扭转生态系统的整体恶化，其造成的损失和负面影响还将扩大，这有违生态系统平衡、外部不经济和社会费用的理论及宪法、环保基本法和综合性生态法的立法意图，基于此，依据现代生物圈、现代生态学、生态经济学和可持续发展的原理，提出建立生态补偿制度。其次是针对现存生态补偿制度的不足：政府补偿比重过大，没有充分发挥市场补偿的作用，市场补偿制度的不成熟，生态补偿相关的法律制度不配套。设计了制度模式并把制度具体化，在可持续性与效益性原则下，提出了政府补偿与市场补偿，对人的补偿与对物的补偿等制度。最后是强化资金来源，借鉴外国的做法，结合我国实际情况，采取以下几种途径:征收排污费、环境税、一般财政收人的一部分、发行国债、接受捐助等。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the development of economy, resources are meeting demands of economic growth constantly, brought the inevitable ecological environment of jeopardizing the human survival to worsen too at the same time , what a rational protection resource we keep exploring, how to accomplish the protection of resources and coordinated development of economy! , sustainable development. It is ecological compensation system as among every one the respect more, for pieces of respect that can’t ignore, it is a ecology , economy, the synthesis of the law.Ecological compensation to is it develop fund that resident go on of area of chance to lose because of environmental protection, technology, the compensation on the material object, the favour on the policy, and in order to promote environmental protection consciousness , the scientific research of improving the environmental protection level and carrying on, expenditure of the educational expenses. Purpose its is it dispel too much artificial original ecosystem that joining cause of energy out - of-balance to lie in. But this mean we is it reduce human range of activity to want , to ecological problem of globalism that modern civilization cause, take the corresponding indemnifying measure, reduce the harm that the human activity brings to ecosystem, resume the materials of the whole ecosystem and energy circulation. At present, our country has not implemented the ecological compensation system yet, but the essence of ecological compensation exists, the ecological compensation method is improving constantly too. At the end of 2001, our country set up ecological construction fund, and started the pilot project, Henan among them, Shandong, Shaanxi, Jiangsu 4 province and Shanghai, Tianjin, Liuzhou 3 city launch sulfur dioxide discharge overall control and blowdown right transaction policy pilotwork already, especially Zhengzhou of Henan Province, Luoyang, Jiao Zuo, the counties of 6 market 12 , such as An Yang , Sanmenxia , Jiyuan ,etc. implement the blowdown right trade in advance. Preparation the is it lay the foundation for ecological compensation foundation of system to explore.This text has analysed the existence and development of the ecological compensation system from the objective angle, analyse in terms of time that sets up the needing and feasibility of this system. Have explained from the economic angle that the capital source and management of this system are used, explore in terms of law that has studied the right of the behavior subject , the obligation and legal liability . The emphasis point of this text lies in directing against the question that the ecological compensation system exists at the present stage, have put forward the design mode of this system. Set up prerequisite of system this at first, the situation is watched at present, issues of people of our country, resource question, the problem of environmental pollution has already become the serious trend, has influenced the development of the economy of our country, if turn back to worsen while being whole ecosystem in time, loss and negative effect that cause its expand also, this violate balanced ecosystem, external economy and social theory and constitution of expenses, Basic Law of environmental protection and legislative intention of the comprehensive ecological law, because of this, according to the modern biosphere, modern ecology, ecological economics and principle of sustainable development, get out of and set up ecological compensation system. Secondly it is the system that was specified, because the market and government have not given play to its abundant function , the incongruity state of working with the government etc. that the market appears not to work, in order to arouse the enthusiasm of market and government, give play to market and function of government, in but under the principle in continuation and benefit, propose government is it compensate with market to compensate, compensation and compensation to the thing in people. Strengthen the capital source , draw lessons from the fo更多还原