论未成年人校园伤害事故责任的承担

【作者】 余黎明；

【导师】 罗晓静；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 法律， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 未成年人校园伤害事故频频发生，影响日巨、日广，对此类案件的处理，却因法律规定的模糊，认识上的差异等而出现不同的观点与结果。在司法实务届如此，在理论届亦是如此。既不利于保护学校、学生及其家长的正当权益和整个教育事业的健康发展，也无益于法制的统一和司法公正这一终极目标的实现。鉴于此，本文将分五个层次对校园伤害案件进行详尽分析，所论虽然未必切当，亦可起抛砖引玉之效。 第一部分，对校园伤害案件加以界定，并进行适当的分类。未成年人校园伤害事故案件是指因未成年学生在学校控制的期间受到人身伤害而引发的案件。此类案件一般具备三个特征：一是主体的特定性，未成年学生；二是时间的特定性，在校学习期间；三是地点的特定性，校园内。依据不同的分类标准，对未成年人校园伤害案件可作多种不同的分类。本文根据致未成年学生伤害的不同主体，将此类案件分为三类。 第二部分对校园伤害案件中有关法律问题进行分析并认定。学生及其监护人与学校的关系问题是未成年人校园伤害案件的基本问题，因为明确法律关系是确定法律适用的前提。本文通过从“未成年人是如何与学校建立教学关系”这一基本事实入手，对未成年人与学校、其监护人与学校之间的关系进行深入的分析、探讨，并对实行义务教育的公立学校与私立学校区别，在结合现有立法、对未成年人保护和学校生存与发展衡量的基础上，主张将公立学校与未成年学生的关系定为推定的委托监护转移，将私立学校与未成年学生的关系定为委托监护合同关系。 第三部分对校园事故中责任主体承担责任的归责原则进行探讨。认为根据致害主体不同，应分别对学校课以直接侵权人的过错责任、未尽安全保护义务的过错补充赔偿责任及无过错的公平责任；对学生监护人课以无过错责任：对其他实际加害人根据具体侵权形态承担相应责任。重点对学校过错的认定进行了详尽的分析并提出了具体的标准。 第四部分根据归责原则确定承担责任的主体，包括学校、第三人、未成年学生监护人三个主体，并对各主体在责任竞合时的处理阐明观点，对各主体承担责任的层次和范围予以界定。在确定赔偿范围时一，重点对赔偿范围的确定、赔偿标准的确立、赔偿方式等予以论证。同时探讨了精神损害赔偿有关问题。 第五部分对现有立法进行总结，对法院在实践中的观点予以归纳。并通过比较法研究，对国外相关立法进行分析。在此基础上，认为可考虑通过两种途径进行立法完善，一是将学校与学生关系纳入合同法范畴，进而在合同内解决学校与学生之间的法律责任;二是将学校与学生关系定位为委托监护关系，在监护制度内解决学校对学生的责任。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years, injuries done to minors in campus took place frequently, which has had some effects on students, their parents and even the whole society. Meanwhile, different viewpoints and outcomes originated from different dispositions on such cases because of the dimness of laws and differences of understanding. It is in such a state in judicial practice. So are in theory cadres. Such state does harm not only to the protection of the due rights and interests of minors and their parents, but also to the healthy development of the whole education cause. Besides, it does no good to the unification of legality and the realization of the ultimate aim of judicial justness. Considering this text makes detailed analysis of injury cases happening in campus from five layers.Part I defines the injury cases in campus, summarizes its features and makes proper classifications. Minors injury cases in campus refer to the cases resulting from personal injury to minor students while they’re in the charge of the school: such cases hold three features generally: the specific subject, namely minor students; the specific time, namely during the period of their studying in school; the specific place, namely in campus. Different classifications can be made to the cases of injuries to minors in campus according to different standards. Cases are put into three groups according to different subjects that do harm to minor students, namely injury cases done by the third party, those by the school and those arising from the students’ themselves.Part II analyses and concludes the legal problems involved in cases of such cases. The problem that the relation between the students with their guardians and the school is a fundamental problem on such cases, because the clarification of the legal relation is the precondition of laws application. The problem is one that arouses the most disputes in both practice and theory. Starting from the basic fact that "How the Teaching Relation is Established Between Minors and the school" , this dissertation makes a profound analysis and research on the relation between the minors and the school and that between their guardians and the private school, differentiates the public school and theprivate school where compulsory education is carried out. Grounded on the balance and measure of the protection of minors and the existence and development of the school (combined with current legislation) , this dissertation presumes the relation between the public school and minors to be transfer of entrustment guardianship, the relation between the private school and minors to be entrustment guardian contract.Part III makes a probe into the imputation principle of the liability that the liable subject shall bear when campus accidents occur. It is concluded that according to the subjects that cause injuries, liability of fault as the direct infringer, liability of supplementary compensation due to fault and the "Fairness" without fault shall be imposed on school, that liability without fault shall be imposed on the students guardians and that corresponding liability shall be imposed on other actual infringers according to concrete torts. It is focused on the ascertainment of the fault of school and concrete standards are put forward. In part IV the liable subjects are decided according to imputation of liability, viewpoints are expounded when coincidence of liability occur. Layers and scopes of liability that shall be borne by various subjects are defined and the scope of compensation, standard of compensation, methods of compensation and so on are made clear.Current legislations are summarized and the views of the court in judicial practice are concluded. By research on comparative laws and analysis of relevant foreign legislations, the author puts forward counterplots and advice on the perfection of legislations on injury cases.更多还原