HNS公约研究

【作者】 朱颖；

【导师】 邓瑞平；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 法律， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 随着可持续发展观的确立，人类不断认识到环境对社会乃至对整个人类生存与发展的重要性。国际社会也越来越重视对海洋环境的保护，国际海事组织(以下简称IMO)更是把“让海洋更清洁、让航行更安全”作为神圣的奋斗目标。为了适应世界海运的发展，在经过长时间的调查研究和论证后，IMO于1996年5月3日在外交大会上通过了《1996年关于海上运输有害有毒物质的责任和损害赔偿的国际公约》(以下简称HNS公约)，这是迄今为止唯一的一个关于船载有害有毒物质损害赔偿及责任承担的国际公约。该公约体系确立的船舶所有人为主、国际基金为补充的双层赔偿机制，由赔偿主体承担严格责任，为切实保障受害人权益创造了条件，并在船舶所有人和货主之间的责任分配上，实现了较好的平衡。虽然该公约至今还未生效，但越来越多的国家认识到建立这样一个海运有害有毒物质损害赔偿责任制度的必要性，世界上很多航运大国以及国际海事组织都在为公约的生效而积极努力，因此，HNS公约的生效指日可待。 海上运输有害有毒物质赔偿责任制度一旦建立，将对世界海运产生重大影响。而我国国内有关海洋污染的立法还着重于海洋保护、污染防治等问题，关于损害赔偿方面的问题，一直未能突破传统侵权责任的规定，很不适应现实发展的需要。我国是个海洋大国，遵守现行国际公约所确立的指导原则，建立、健全国内的相关制度，有利于维护我国的海洋环境和合法权益、支持世界海洋环境保护事业、为船舶污染的全球法律控制做出应有的贡献。因此，我们有必要开展对海运有害有毒物质污染损害的民事责任和赔偿问题的专门研究，权衡利弊，尽早决定是否加入HNS公约，以使我国的有害有毒物质海上运输与世界接轨，同时使我国这方面的利益得到法律上的保护。 本文共分四部分，约五万字。 第一部分介绍HNS公约的产生背景与制订过程。首先从环境保护的要求和国际立法的技术需要两个方面来说明制订HNS公约的必要性和紧迫性；其次详细介绍了HNS公约从讨论到形成草案到最后通过的制订过程，着重探讨了HNS公约在讨论形成过程中，各国从本国利益出发所关心的焦点问题以及争议的难点问题，如赔偿机制、适用范围、船舶所有人的责任限额等方面的问题；最后简要介绍了HNS公约在当今的发展及其现状。 第二部分主要研究HNS公约的基本内容和特点。详细分析了有害有毒物质及损害的定义、公约的适用范围、删白所有人的赔偿责任及其责任限制、基金的设立与赔偿机制等HNS公约的主要条款;并与国际油污责任公约和国际油污基金公约的相关规定进行比较研究，进一步分析HNS公约的特点，总结出HNS公约具有适用范围广泛、建立了统一的双层赔偿机制、船舶所有人的赔偿责任限额大幅提高、分黝所有人的责任基础发生了变化以及索赔与诉讼时效更有利于保护受害人利益这几大特点。 第三部分分析HNS公约对我国的法律影响。首先结合我国现行的处理有关有害有毒物质污染损害赔偿的法律法规和海上运输有害有毒物质的污染现状，指出我国的现有法律体系在毙洲白污染损害民事赔偿责任方面存在漏洞，并分析了该公约生效后将对我国法律产生的影响;其次通过具体的案例分析，来说明在加入wTO的背景下HNS公约对我国的积极影响和消极更多还原

【Abstract】 With the establishment of the concept of sustainable development, people have gradually understood the importance of environment to society and human beings’ existence and development International society has paid more attention to the protection of marine environment For the sake of development of world’s shipping business, the International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS Convention for short hereinafter) has been approved in the diplomatic conference by the International Maritime Organization in may, 1996, which is the unique convention on liability and compensation for damage in connection with the carriage of HNS by sea. This convention established a two-tier compensation regime: the first-tier and main liability is ship owner’s liability, and the second-tier is HNS Fund’s supplement liability. Even though this convention hasn’t been validated, it has been the common knowledge that such convention is necessary enough to be established in the field of ocean carriage, and major countries and organizations concerned have been contributing great efforts for this purpose. Therefore, the HNS Convention will soon gain its legal force.If such regime has been established, deep impact will be brought to the field of ocean carriage. As a country with substantial coverage of sea, China has witnessed the development of ocean carriage into a supportive industry. In China, there have been no specialized laws and regulations on such liability and compensation above mentioned Yet our laws tend to place great importance on ocean protection and pollution prevention, and provisions on liability and compensation are limited within traditional notions of tort liability. This situation requires specialized efforts of study on these areas above mentioned We should perfect the related legislations.The thesis is composed of four parts with 50,000 words approximately.Part I: Introduction of the background and working-out process of HNS Convention. It first explains the necessity and urgency to constitute HNS convention from two aspects, which demand of protection environment and requisition of international legislation. Secondly, particularly introduces the working-out process from discussing and forming the draft to passing the convention. This part emphasizes the focus that every country concerned and the nodus disputed, such as compensation regime, scope of application, the liability limitation of shipowner. Finally it introduces the actuality and development of HNS convention in short.Part II: Research on the basic articles and characteristics of HNS convention. This part, particularly analyzes the main articles such as definition of hazardous and noxious substances and damage, scope of application of convention, the compensation liability of shipowner and liability limitation, establishment of fund and compensation regime. At the same time, compares with the CLC convention and FUND convention in correlative stipulation to set forth the characteristics of HNS convention. Last, concludes the characteristics such as the establishment of the new and two-tier compensation regime, remarkable increase of liability limitation of shipowner, the change of liability basis of shipowner, the claim and limitation of actions in favor of protection of victim.Part III: The author analyzes how the HNS Convention will influence the Chinese laws. Combines with law of our country to deal with damage from pollution of hazardous and noxious substances and pollution actuality on carriage of hazardous and noxious substances by sea, analyzes the influence to our country’s law. Dissertates both active and negative influence of HNS convention to domestic law and its meanings to complete our legislation on Maritime Law with analysis of the case.Part IV: The author puts forward related legal proposals that reply to HNS convention. In this part, the author puts forward related lawmaking proposals for the purpose of adapting the international shippin更多还原