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醋酸奥曲肽的合成研究
Study on Synthesis of Octreotide Acetate
【作者】 刘作家;
【导师】 王恩思;
【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 , 微生物与生化药学, 2004, 硕士
【摘要】 生物活性肽是一类重要的化学物质,它在生命活动中发挥着不可替代的重要作用。目前,生物活性肽尤其是多肽类药物的研究非常活跃。化学法肽合成技术的成熟,特别是固相肽合成技术的发展,使多肽药物的研究与开发成为了当今制药领域的热点。由于化学法肽合成策略较酶法与DNA 重组技术有许多优点,特别是在短肽及中等长度肽的合成方面,因而受到了人们更多的关注。 化学法肽合成技术在多肽类药物研制方面的应用已经产生了一批较天然类似物具有诸多优点的新药,如奥曲肽。奥曲肽(octreotide)是一种人工合成的生长抑素(ST)类似物,在临床上广泛应用于治疗类癌综合症、血管活性肠肽瘤综合症、胰高糖素瘤、胃泌瘤综合症、胰岛瘤、生长激素释放因子瘤和食道-静脉曲张出血等病症。生长抑素是一种包含有 14 个氨基酸残基的环肽,其在受激素调节的至少三类人体组织系统中起着抑制作用:(i)中枢神经系统,下丘脑和垂体腺体,(ii)胃肠道和 (iii)外分泌和内分泌胰脏。由于“生长抑制”作用是通过大多数组织中生长抑素受体的刺激而获得的,所以大多数的人体肿瘤对于生长抑素受体都呈阳性。生长抑素的药理特性对于这一多肽的治疗学目的的应用产生了兴趣。生长抑素的半衰期非常短,因此不适用于体内使用,而奥曲肽作为生长抑素的八肽类似物却具有比天然生长抑素更长的半衰期和更显著的抑制特性。由于奥曲肽具有生长激素抑制作用,因此其作为治疗包含有生长抑素受体的大多数肿瘤的临床药物已被广泛使用。 其于 1988 年首次在美国上市,主要用于胃肠道分泌类肿瘤和垂体肿瘤及肢端肥大症的治疗,1998 年美国 FDA 再次批准醋酸奥曲肽用于肢端肥大症的治疗。 65<WP=73>吉林大学硕士学位论文由两个 D 型氨基酸(D-苯丙氨酸 ,D-色氨酸 ),氨基醇(苏氨醇) 1 4和一个二硫键(Cys2-S-S-Cys7)组成的奥曲肽,由于其第 1,4,8 位氨基酸并非自然界中天然存在的氨基酸,因此不易被酶破坏,所以展示出了其在人体内延长的半衰期(60-90 分钟),且药效是生长抑素的 2000 倍。由于奥曲肽的分子中含有 D 型氨基酸,且 C 末端为醇羟基,在生物体内不能自由合成,所以该药只能用化学合成的方法制备。多肽药物的化学合成方法有二种合成战略:(i)固相肽合成战略,(ii)液相肽合成战略。由于奥曲肽的 C-末端残基系醇羟基,所以固相肽合成战略首要解决的问题是醇羟基的制备及固相载体的选择。尽管已有很多关于奥曲肽固相合成方法的报道,但这些方法或者由于产品收率低或者需要复杂苛刻的反应条件(无水氟化氢),所以对于产品的大规模制备是困难的。在本文中,对已有报道的 BH3/THF 还原羧基的方法进行了系统的研究和改进;同时,采用 NaBH4还原羧基的方法得到了较高收率(93%)的氨基醇。利用固相肽合成技术将 Fmoc-苏氨醇偶联到氨基树脂上来制备肽醇,在肽链增长过程中,减少了氨基酸的用量也得到了较好的偶联率(97%),降低了原料药的生产成本。侧链保护基及延长肽链从树脂上的脱除采用了三氟乙酸/茴香硫醚系统。这一新颖的方法使用了传统的 Fmoc 保护方案和自制的多肽合成仪,为奥曲肽快速而有效的大规模制备提供了合成策略。该法操作简单、收率高,适合于商品化的大规模生产,且在奥曲肽的固相合成工艺中未见报道。液相肽合成战略中肽链的增长采用了逐步增长与片段缩合相结合的方法,即先分别合成 N-端三肽和 C-端五肽,然后再将两个肽段缩合, 达到肽链增长的目的。这一战略防止了肽链中 D-Trp 残基在酸性条件下易形成副产物的危险。此外,D-Trp 残基的杂环也不必进行保护,并采用较小程度的保护策略。氨基酸侧链保护基的脱除采用了三氟甲基磺酸/苯甲醚 66<WP=74>吉林大学硕士学位论文系统,避免了使用无水氟化氢给实验操作带来的困难。在二硫键的氧化过程中使用了奥曲肽的稀溶液以防止分子间二硫键的交叉联接。在转盐工艺中,没有使用传统的固相萃取柱的方法,而摸索出了简便易行的转盐工艺,即通过对酸浓度的调节来控制相应酸与奥曲肽的络合,进而达到转盐的目的。这一创新性的方法提高了产品的转化率、减少了操作步骤、节约了生产成本并且为快速、有效的大规模制备奥曲肽提供了一个策略。采用固相肽合成战略合成醋酸奥曲肽,纯品总收率为 30%(以连到树脂上的第一个氨基酸计),而采用液相肽合成战略合成的醋酸奥曲肽纯品总收率为 14%,通过比较,用固相肽合成法合成奥曲肽具有操作简单、可行、收率较高等特点,适合于工业化生产。关键中间体及最终产物的结构经质谱、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱及碳谱得到确证。醋酸奥曲肽原料药按照《中国药典》的规范进行了质量标准的研究,结果表明:自制的醋酸奥曲肽原料药符合所规定的质量标准,能保证该产品的安全性和有效性。醋酸奥曲肽的合成研究,为该药的产业化应用提供了优化的合成路线及安全可靠的质量标准,确保了该药品产业化的可行性。在理论研究方面,《醋酸奥曲肽的固相合成》一文已于 2004 年发表
【Abstract】 As a kind of important chemical substances, bioactive peptides act as anunsubstitutional role in life activities. Presently, the research of bioactivepeptides is very vigorous, which in particularly focuses on the aspect ofpharmaceutical. The research and development of peptide drugs have been thenew focus of pharmaceutical because of the technological maturation ofchemistry peptide synthesis and the progress of solid-phase peptide synthesisespecially. Comparing with the enzymatic and gene engineering method on thesynthesis of peptide, chemistry peptide synthesis has more advantages aboutthe syntheses of short and middle peptide chains, and which attracts moreinterests. Many new drugs with more advantages than native analogues have beensynthesized by using the technique of chemistry peptide synthesis, such asoctreotide. Octreotide, an analogue of synthetic hormone somatostatin, hasbeen used as a clinical therapeutic agent to treat VI-Pomasyndrome、carcinoid syndrome、glucagonoma、gastrinoma/Zollinger Ellison、insulinoma 、 GRFoma and esophagus-varicosity bleeding.Somatostatin, a cyclic peptide consisting of 14 amino acids, plays aninhibitory role in the hormonal regulation of at least three organ systems inhumans: (i) the central nervous system, the hypothalamus, and pituitary gland,(ii) the gastrointestinal tract, and (iii) the exocrine and endocrine pancreas.Because of the “growth inhibitory” effect obtained in most tissues by thestimulation of somatostatin receptors, a large number of human tumors arealso somatostatin receptor positive. The pharmacological properties ofsomatostatin have generated an interest in the use of this peptide fortherapeutic purposes. Somatostatin is unsuitable for in vivo used due to its veryshort biological half-life, however an eight-amino acid peptide analogue ofsomatostatin , octreotide, has a longer half-life as well as inhibitory propertiesmore potent than the native somatostatin. Because of its growth hormone 68<WP=76>吉林大学硕士学位论文inhibitory effects, octreotide has been used as a clinical therapeutic agent totreat a wide variety of tumors which contain somatostatin receptors. It wasfirstly approved by USA FDA as an agent to treat tumors of gastrointestinaltract endocrine and hypophysis and acromegaly in 1988, then approved byUSA FDA to treat acromegaly in 1998 again. Octreotide consisting of two D-amino acids (D-Phe1, D-Trp4), aminoalcohol (Threoninol), and a disulfide bond (Cys2-S-S-Cys7), which is noteasily destroyed by enzyme because these amino acids in these places of 1, 4and 8 are not native amino acids existing in nature, exhibits a prolongedhalf-life in vivo (60 to 90 min in human), and is functionally 2000 times moreeffective than somatostatin. Octreotide containing D-amino acid andC-terminal alcohol is not freely formed in human, so it only can besynthesized using chemistry peptide synthesis. Generally, there are twostrategies about chemistry synthesis of polypeptide drugs: (i) solid-phasepeptide synthesis, (ii) solution-phase peptide synthesis. Owing to C-terminal alcohol, the problems resolved chiefly arepreparation of alcohol and selection of holders. Although many methods havebeen reported for solid-phase synthesis of octreotide, they were complicatedand harsh (anhydrous HF) and low yield. Large-scale synthesis of productionwas difficult because the existing methods of synthesis were inefficient andcomplex. In this paper, the method reported by using BH3/THF to reducecarboxyl has been studied and improved. Simultaneously, the method usingNaBH4 to reduce Fmoc-carboxyl producing amino alcohol with high yield(93%) is also described. Fmoc-threoninol was anchored onto amino-resin forthe synthesis of peptide alcohol (ol-peptide). In the process of elongatingpeptide chain, dosages reduced of amino acids provided high coupling yield(97%), and reduced the cost of material drug. Cl
【Key words】 octreotide; solid-phase peptide synthesis; solution-phase peptide synthesis; somatostatin; cycle peptide;
- 【网络出版投稿人】 吉林大学 【网络出版年期】2004年 04期
- 【分类号】R914
- 【被引频次】7
- 【下载频次】1386