【作者】 陈桥；

【导师】 胡克；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 矿物学、岩石学、矿床学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 矿山生态环境定量评价涉及到地质学、地理学、生态学、环境学、系统工程学等各个学科领域，正是由于各个学科之间的壁垒难以打破，才使矿山生态环境定量评价工作总是停留在一个水平上，难以达到新的境界。现实中也是生态环境评价工作研究程度越来越深，方法也越来越多，但另一方面如何体现矿山生态特性、如何规范化评价程序等问题缺乏一种统揽全局的理论高度和战略意识，也就是说缺乏一种宏观的整体的系统理论来指导对它们的研究。比如，如何合理地体现出一套矿山生态环境特性的因子指标体系？如何规范化矿山生态环境定量评价模式？如何实现矿山生态环境评价定量化？如何实现矿山生态环境生态学基础研究等等。本文旨在从地质学、地理学、生态学、环境学等角度出发建立一套矿山生态环境定量评价的模型系统，使矿山生态环境评价工作由定性化转为定量化阶段。为矿山生态环境重建和矿山生态环境保护提供依据，为生态环境重建方向做出正确的引导，给政府制定合理的矿山复垦政策和投资决策方向等提供参考，从而促进矿业活动与矿山生态环境协调发展。本文研究的思路是：通过对黑龙江省矿山生态环境现状调查，分别对黑龙江省煤矿、金属矿山、建材及非金属矿山进行生态环境效应分析，并提出不同矿种的生态环境质量评价因子指标体系。将层次分析法运用到矿山生态环境定量评价中，结合相关行业的标准及矿山生态特性，提出一套矿山生态环境质量等级标准。建立起一个由 RMMER 模式、评价因子、评价方法、评价等级四个部分为主体组成的矿山生态环境三维定量评价模型系统。然后运用该模型对黑龙江省部分典型矿山生态环境进行了定量评价。RMMER 模式结构是由“自然禀赋维、生态环境维、人文指数维”组成的三维 第 1 页<WP=123>吉林大学硕士论文矿山生态环境评价体系。自然禀赋维主要是从地质、地理出发，制定反映矿山所在区域自然禀赋的指数维构成；生态环境维主要是反映矿区大气、地表水、地下水、土壤等各方面环境质量状况以及整个生态系统的运行状态；区域人文指数维主要考察矿区的现有经济社会发展水平和人文状况，包括矿区的经济发展指数。通过三维体系的状态考察，共同组成了矿山生态环境评价的立体空间定位体系，综合地反映了矿区生态环境质量现状。由于黑龙江省不同矿种对矿区生态环境破坏程度和破坏形式具有相异性，将黑龙江省矿山分为煤矿、金属矿、建材及非金属矿三种形式独立考察。通过分析不同矿种所引起的矿山生态环境效应，结合 RMMER 模式结构，分别提出一套反映煤矿、金属矿、建材及非金属矿矿山生态环境特性的矿山生态环境评价因子体系。运用层次分析法将矿山生态环境评价所有指标综合成一个或几个综合指数，把不同角度的零星分散的信息综合在一起。同时，层次分析法能将一些定性或半定性的量转化为定量化，能把比较复杂的各种因素，通过划分相互联系的有序层次使之条理化，从而实现矿山生态环境评价定量化。通过 RMMER 模式结构，计算不种矿种不同指数维的因子指标的权重，运用加权计算法，得出矿山生态环境评价值。结合一些国家现有的和相关行业的因子指标等级标准值，对于没有的标准值，合理地确定等级阈值。从而对因子指标体系进行等级标准划分，运用层次分析法进行加权计算，分别建立起不同矿种不同指数维表征生态环境状态好坏的具有可比性的综合指标。即矿山生态环境等级标准，构建起了矿山生态环境质量等级三维空间立体定位系统。在研究过程中，还得出了一些新的认识和发现，主要有：1、对于层次分析法判断矩阵的建立往往是由于多个专家的意见的综合，专家的意见和判断往往存在很大的差别，这就不排除专家的意见具有误判性。本文提出了基于正态分布函数的多次叠代法，该法将概率论的观点引入到模型建立中来，能较好地排除这些误判值，较传统的取众数值、中间值法更能客观真实地反映事物的本 第 2 页<WP=124>黑龙江省矿山生态环境三维定量评价模型系统研究质，其所计算的因子指标权重更能逼近事物的真实面。2、在进行矿山生态环境评价时，必须强调以“人”为中心。人是矿区中最重要的组成部分，是矿区中最为重要的生物因素。我们进行矿区生态环境整治和评价工作，其结果是衡量矿区这个生态系统与人是否和谐。在进行矿山生态环境评价时，不仅要考虑生物、环境这两个因素，还要考虑它们之间的结构。在这一指导思想下进行的矿山生态环境评价工作才更具有实践意义。3、将生态平衡亚稳定性原理、生物阻抗性和恢复性及自然系统加大作用力效应模式原理引入到矿山生态环境演化模式，认为并不是所有的矿业活动都能引起生态系统破坏，也并不是所有的矿山生态环境都需要治理，小范围内的对矿区生态环境的扰动并不会引起生态系统的恶化。在此基础上，本文提出新的矿业活动对生态系统作用效应模式图，认为矿山生态环境演化要经历波动期、恢复与阻抗期、破坏期，而合理地确定各期状态和界线值对于矿山生态重建和保护具有重要的意义，这也是矿山生态环境定量评价的?更多还原

【Abstract】 Quantitative evaluation of the mine eco-environments, which is related to geology,geography, ecology, environics, systematical analysis engineering, remains the relativelybackward and it is hard to make achievement because of the rampart among differentsubjects. In fact, the study on the evaluation of eco-environment is under developing andthe more efficient methods are employed. On the other hand advanced theories andstrategic consciousness are needed to incarnate the ecological characteristics of mines andto regulate the evaluation model. For examples, how to select the evaluating indicators?How to regulate the quantitative evaluation model? How to incarnate the characteristicsof the mine eco-environments? How to achieve the quantitative analysis? How to studythe mine eco-environments on the bases of ecology? All these questions are critical atmoment. A quantitative evaluation model of the mine eco-environment is put forward inthe paper from the view of geology, geography, ecology, environics and converts theevaluation of the mine eco-environments into quantitative one, which can be easilyadapted to protect and restore the mine environment and to guild the direction ofrestoration. Furthermore, the government can enact the reasonable policies forrehabilitation and investment of local mining industry. In this way the mine environmentand mining activities can be developed in phase. In the process of analyzing, such studying methods are applied as follows:Evaluating indicator systems of the mine eco-environments are brought forwardaccording to different kinds of mines (coal mine, metal mine, architecture material and 第 1 页<WP=126>吉林大学硕士论文nonmetal mine) on the base of actuality investigation and analysis of domino offect ofmine biological environment in Heilongjiang province. The application process of AHP inthe quantitative evaluation of the mine eco-environments is analyzed. Opinion rating ofthe mine eco-environment is built in reference to coherent industry criterion and themining characteristics. Thus, a three-dimension quantitative evaluation model, composedmainly of RMMER model construction, evaluating indicators, evaluation methods andopinion rating, of the mine eco-environments is formed. And then, some typical mines inHeilongjiang province are evaluated by this model. RMMER model consists of natural features, ecological environments of mines, andlocal humanistic index. Natural features chiefly reflect geological and geographicalsituation of the mining area; ecological environments indicate the environmental qualityof the atmosphere, surface water, ground water, soil and the other functions of the wholeecological system; humanistic index mostly review the economic developing level,including economy developing index of the mines. RMMER model constructsthree-dimensional ranking body and synthetically identifies the quality of the mineeco-environments. The mines in Heilongjiang province are divided into three categories according todamage degree and damage mode on the mining eco-environment due to mine activities,they are coal mine, metal mine, architecture material and nonmetal mine. Their dominooffect of mine eco-environment is analyzed independently, on the basis of RMMERmodel construction, their evaluating indicators of the mine eco-environments are selectedin this study, which shows biological characteristics of mine environment by or large. AHP synthesizes all the evaluating indicators of the mine eco-environment, At thesame time, it can invert qualitative and half-quantitative ingredients into quantitative ones.By comparing with different complicated factors and making logics between different 第 2 页<WP=127>黑龙江省矿山生态环境三维定量评价模型系统研究related factors, the evaluation of the mine eco-environments can be quantified. In thispaper, AHP is used to calculate the weights of each evaluating indica更多还原