【作者】 刘红；

【导师】 王学谦；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 阎连科是中国当代文学的实力派作家，他的作品对中国文化进行全景式描写，对中国农民生存状态进行细部展示，暗合鲁迅国民劣根性的精神血脉。其中强烈的现实感，深厚的人性得到很好的生发，将现实文学的主要特征和现代主义文学的重要特征融合到完美境界。对阎连科来说，死亡就是苦难的极致，是他文学创作的一个重要的契机。阎连科在作品中建构了“生与死”的艺术世界，再现大地苍生的“生的坚强，死的挣扎”。在接近人存在本质的毁灭中，制造种种的死亡场景，以此引发读者对人的本性和生存进行思索。一、启蒙理性的坚守由于生活方式、地理位置、历史原因等方面的限制，中国乡村凝结着比别处更多的苦难。阎连科作为一个逃出乡村的城里人，接受了现代文明的洗礼和新观念的滋养，当他以理性的目光审视自己所熟识的故乡村镇、乡间人物、褐色风俗时，作品就具有强烈的文化反思和批判意识。死亡是一个浸润着丰富的文化内涵，寄予着众多人生态度的生命命题。阎连科就以死亡为窥豹之管来透过乡村文化温情的一面，来折射其畸形的文化心态，来审视其诸多分支的残缺，具有启蒙主义的意义。乡村的“血亲权力”和“姻亲权力”是对生命的“硬性”束缚，由于农村自身特点和历史原因，以及基层民主制度的不健全，血亲权力、姻亲权力和基层权力扭结在一起形成了庞大的权力网。权力渗透到乡人日常生活的角角落落里，它影响到他们的婚丧嫁娶、生老病死。数千年来宗法观念和封建家族制是造成无数罪恶的源薮，阎连科清醒地认识到时代虽然发生惊人的变化，但它一如既往地依据血缘关系和家长意志，束缚着人们的行为方式和心理习惯，肆意地扼<WP=37>杀乡村人们的生命和意志，揭示宗法制度“吃人”的本质和腐朽性。村长是乡村基层权力的代表，是庞大的权力金字塔中最底层的一级，然而在百姓眼里却是一个很大的“官儿”，在阎连科的作品中大多数的村长是处于百姓利益的对立面，通过描写乡村生活中生命消殒的过程，揭示了乡村权力运作的阴暗面，展示权力代言人的卑劣行径。乡间的风俗则是对生命的“软性”制约，村民在乡俗中淡化自己生命的残缺感。阎连科描写乡村的奇风异俗时向读者展示其愚昧的一面，乡间的很多关于生死的奇思异想束缚了人们活着的信念，在一种生活的暗示下人们将死亡宿命化，听天由命放弃了个体的积极主动性，在命运的屈从中耗尽生命。葬仪是死亡的仪式，阎连科表现丧事中人物的种种举动和隐秘心理，解构伦理孝道的神圣性和庄严性，揭示传统孝道和仁义背后人的虚伪和残忍性；冥婚是最具有中国特色的婚俗，是一种为死人缔结婚约的婚嫁形式，现代生活的村民仍然固守传统的风俗习惯，对冥婚抱有极大的热情，在传统道义基础上又渗透进现代的商业思想和功利主义，将人的价值降到一个更低的层次上，死人都比活人贵重的多。鲁迅曾经指出愚弱的国民：“只能做毫无意义的示众材料和看客”。阎连科认识到现在虽然国民的体格已经强健和茁壮许多，但是他们的精神状态却没有发生根本的变化，冷漠的看客以无限的冷和无限的热使死亡变成盛大的狂欢，由欣赏者变成虐杀他人生命的罪人,揭示他们内心空虚的精神和丑恶的灵魂。中国传统文化圈中无人性的宗法制度、愚昧的风俗仪式束缚了人的生命意志，消磨了人的生存激情，造成对生命的扭曲和异化，对人的尊严的蔑视和忽略。阎连科通过叙述“倔强的死亡”来催发人们对生存意义和生命价值的领悟和反省。“选择、追求什么样的生存，实际上反映了人自身的主体性和文明程度。”随着现代化的进展，<WP=38>社会的文明程度得到提高，人的主体意识得到强化，人们生存会有个更加良性的空间。二、人性恶的剖析表现人性之恶，是西方现代主义作家反复表现的主题，也是1985年中国后新潮作家经常表现人的困境之一。阎连科借死亡为意义载体，对人性进行深刻地剖析和多侧面的展示，在死亡的阴影下言说人性时，更多的时候是揭示人性中所特有的卑琐、狡诈和丑陋，剖析抑郁背后所拥有的生命欲望。阎连科作品中人们为满足各种欲望,人间的亲子之情和人伦之爱荡然无存，只剩下人性中赤裸裸的贪婪、自私和残酷，它们成为这些人的普遍本性。随着阎连科对人性的理解和认识的加深，在《坚硬如水》中一反自己揭示人性的较浅层面，直捣人类灵魂深处的恶根。迷失在欲望中的人们为达到自由状态，使死本能向外转化为一种针对他人的攻击欲或虐杀倾向。我们看到失去理性约束的狂热欲望在特殊的年代带来灾难性后果。三、生命力量的张扬面对人类的生存困境，人们之间的猜忌、报复、自私和残忍本性引发社会悲剧时，阎连科内心感到迷茫和惘然。他的近期作品在生命的本原状态中消解一些人为的道德价值标准来追寻本身的原初意义，引导人们找回生存的勇气和意志来“向死而生”。阎连科的寓言小说《耙耧天歌》和《年月日》相互交织的主题中达到一个哲学的高度。作品中阎连科通过一种“生死临界点”的描述，展示了一个民族或者人类的生存状态和精神追求。人所面临的最大敌人不是死亡，而是对死亡的恐惧。往往由于生命意志的本能冲动，对世俗生活的深深眷恋，使他们内心之中对死亡产生强更多还原

【Abstract】 Yan LianKe is writers of those who actually have strength and hold power of Chinese Contemporary Literature. His works describe the panorama type to the Chinese culture, survive to Chinese peasant state carry on detail show, agree the spiritual blood vessels of Lu Xun’s national ingrained bad habit without prior consultation. He merged the main characteristic of realistic literature and important characteristic of modernism literature the perfect realm.Connect to Yan Lianke with department, death limit of suffering. Yan LianKe constructed artistic world of " catch and die " to build among works.In close to people store essential ruin in, make all sorts of death scenes, and cause readers to consider people’s natural instinct and existence with this.Ⅰ stick to enlighting reasonBecause of the limitations of respects, such as life style, geographical position, historical reasoned, the village of China condenses the suffering more than other places. when Yan LianKe examines one’s own villages and small towns, country personages, known well closely with rational sight, the works just have strong culture that review and criticize consciousness with culture.The death is that one is soaking into abundant cultural intension,place the life proposition of the philosophy of life. It can find out living person and reality from it as a symbol of culture. Yan LianKe regards dying as the tube, which peeps the leopard to see through one side of the cultural tender feeling in the village, to refract the culture psychology of its deformity. Rural " blood relation’s power " and " relation ship by marriage power " rigid " of the life, the rural power relation seems intricate, Blood relation power, relative by affinity power and power at the basic level twist together and form the huge power network together. Power <WP=41>permeate through township people in the corner of daily life, it influence wedding and funeral arrangements marriage, birth and old age, sickness and death of them.Yan lianke realizes soberly though changes surprisingly, But it is according to blood relationship and parents’ will as before, the behavior and psychology of fettering people are used to, strangle people’s life and will, and announce the essence and moribund that the patriarchal system is " eaten to the " wantonly.Most village heads are the opposite which is in common people’s interests in Yen Lance’s works, through describing the course that the life disappears and dies in rural life, have announced the dark side of rural power operation, show the mean conduct of the power spokesman.Under " high pressure " of power, people have lost as personal dignity and acted on one’s own. Yan LianKe pays close attention to the thing officer standard thought alienation and human nature twisted with attitude that talk in professional jargon, demonstrate strong criticism spirit and examine consciousness closely.The folk custom is the restriction " soft " to the life, desalinize the incomplete sense of one’s own life in villagers are vulgar in the township, pursue the ideal of a kind of long life. Yan LianKe shows its ignorant side to reader while describing the rural exotic customs, the strange thought fantasy about life and death of the country fetters people’s living faith. The burial ceremony is a ceremony of the death, Yan LianKe displays all sorts of moves and concealed psychology of personages’ in funeral arrangements, Dark wedding with Chinese characteristics marriage customs most, for die one people conclude marriage form of engagement, villagers of the modern life still defend tenaciously the traditional folkways and customs, permeate through modern commercial thought and utilitarianism again on the basis of tradition, bring people’s value down to a lower level, it is more valuable than living people and many that the person dies.Yan LianKe connected with the department and knew till now <WP=42>though people’s physique has been already strong and much healthy and more strong , but their state of mind has not changed basically , the c更多还原