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文本欲望的哲学理解
Philosophical Comprehension to Desire of Text
【作者】 王健;
【导师】 黄也平;
【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 , 文艺学, 2004, 硕士
【摘要】 文学被认为是表达欲望的方式之一。传统观念认为,作者表达的是个人欲望,文本欲望是由作者提供的。人们把它归功于作者的个人写作。他们也因此把读者在阅读中对文本欲望的摹仿归罪于作者或者文本,认为是作者或者文本引诱了他们,应该为他们负责。本文对这些观点进行了批判,试图对文本欲望做出自己的解释。一.堂吉诃德的欲望之路本文从分析堂吉诃德形象入手,简要地批判了传统的堂吉诃德形象论。笔者认为堂吉诃德作为文学人物是肯定的,但同时他作为读者也是毋庸置疑的。传统的堂吉诃德形象的阐释者仅仅把他看成是一个塞万提斯笔下的文学人物,对他作为读者的一面视而不见。笔者肯定了现代阐释学对堂吉诃德作为读者身份的揭示,同时也指出他们的阐释在指明了这个秘密的同时,没有认识到堂吉诃德作为读者,在阅读中对文本欲望的摹仿应该是有界限的。读者的身份有条件限制——在阅读中决不能混淆文学世界与现实世界的界限。而堂吉诃德恰恰混淆了这个界限,把供人欣赏的文学世界当成了自己的生活世界。在这个意义上,他的阅读是不成功的。由此提出了本文所要论述的问题——文本欲望。为了说明这个问题,笔者还对堂吉诃德的阅读方式进行了分析。二.作者与文本欲望:类欲望的提供在这个部分,笔者重新考察了文本欲望与作者的关系。传统的文学史或批评史对文本欲望的理解存在着普遍的误区,把文本欲望归功于作者个人,认为是他们个人在写作上的努力为我们提供了文本欲望。这种观念是历史形成的,是长期以来“作者中心论”的一种表现,来源于人们对作者身份的神化。作者视自己为上帝,也被人们视为上帝。本文通过对文学史与批评史的简要考察,批判了这种传统观念,提出文本欲望不是由作者提供的观点。因为文本欲望是类欲望的表达, 41<WP=46>作者只不过是作为代言人说出了类欲望。作者作为一种身份是没有欲望的,他有的只是作为人的欲望。作者只不过是欲望森林中的一名花匠。笔者还对文本欲望和白日梦作了比较,批判了弗洛伊德的“白日梦”理论,指出了文学这种欲望表达方式与白日梦的不同之处。文学的魅力之一正是因为它是类欲望的表达。说出了类欲望,就是说出了成千上万人的声音。三.读者与文本欲望:阅读中对自我欲望的印证由于作者作为代言人把欲望纳入了文本,使读者有可能通过阅读去发现他们。当然,读者发现的与作者表达的可能并不一致。因为读者的阅读遵循阅读的自我欲望法则。对文本欲望的发现与读者的阅读能力和发现能力密切相关。问题的关键在于读者试图在文本中发现什么。读者自身的可能性决定了他在阅读中发现的可能性,什么样的人就能做到什么样,他想看到什么就能看到什么。文本欲望并不是一种固态的客观存在,它如流水一般流动不居,极具可塑性,能在读者阅读的瞬间呈现出各种各样的形态。欲望就其形而上的意义来说只有一种,却能具体化成无数个个别欲望。这表现在文本中就是作者为读者提供了欲望的具体实践方式。读者发现的文本欲望都是自我欲望,是自己内心本来就已经拥有的。作者所提供的只是欲望的具体实践模式。读者对文本欲望的摹仿实质是对自我欲望的摹仿。这种摹仿又通过作者提供的欲望的具体实践模式来完成,表现为一种异己体验模式。读者以此达到在阅读中对自我欲望进行印证的目的。也正是因为这种体验模式,文本欲望总被误解为是由作者提供的。人们之所以把读者对文本欲望的摹仿归罪于作者或者文本,之所以认为是作者为我们提供了文本欲望,是因为他们没有认清文本欲望与作者、读者之间的关系。在本文的论述过程中,笔者极力避免那种“空对空”的论述方式,以免提出的问题成为空头理论。因此,在论述过程中,笔者尽可能地做到从常情常理出发,联系具体的文学文本来佐证自己的观点。本文的创新之处主要表现在以下几个方面:一是对堂吉诃德进行了重新认识,指出他作为读者不应逾越的界限;二是提出了类欲望的概念;三是提出了读者阅读的自我欲望法则。本文多是笔者个人对文学的独特理解,特别是第三点,本人认为能解释一些传统的阅读理论无法解决的问题,比如对武侠小说的接受问题。
【Abstract】 Literature is one of the way of expressing desire. Traditionally,people considered that author expressed private desire . People ascribedthe desire of text to the effort of private writing . They blamed author ortext because they think author or text allured the reader to imitate thedesire of text and author or text must be responsible for reader . Thearticle critisizes the traditional standpoint and attempts to educe my own’sinterpretation of the desire of text . Firstly ,the article analyzes Don Quijote’s image , critisizes thetriditional idea briefly . Then , I endorse that modern hermeneutics hadrevealed the mistery of Don Quijote as a reader . On the other hand , Icritisize they can’t point out the limit that reader imitate the desire of textin the course of reading . Don Quijote regard the world of literatureappreciated by readers as the world of his own living and confused thelimit of the two different world . In a way , Don Quijote’s reading is afailure. Thereof , I bring forward what question the article should discussis desire of text . 43<WP=48>The article examined into the relation between desire of text andauthor and the reading . There is universal error in the apprehending fordesire of text in the history of literature and of literary criticism . Thearticle critisized traditional standpoint and put forward the idea that authorcan’t provide desire of text , because it is only desire of group . Authoronly as a spokesman said the desire of group . He hasn’t owned desirebecause author is only as a kind of identity and has owned the desire onlythat he as human being .Then , The article compared the desire of textwith the daydream , point out the different between them . Reader can find the desire of text by reading because author had putdesire in the text . Of course , there is discrepancy between reader’sfinding and author’s expressing . In the precess of reading , reader followthe principle of reading’s self-desire .The desire of text reader can find isall the self-desire.Reader had owned it in the heart before reading . Authorprovided only in the text the way of desire’s concrete practice . Theessence that reader imitated the desire of text is the imitatation ofself-desire . Reader finished the imitatation by the way of desire’sconcrete practice that author provided .The imitatation act as the mode ofother’s experience . Reader attained the purpose of testifying self-desireby through the before-mentioned way .They think so that author or textallured the reader to imitate the desire of text and author provided desireof text because they couldn’t recognize carefully the relation between the 44<WP=49>desire of text and author and the reading . The original points of the article as follow : firstly ,recognized DonQuijote’s image anew , point out the limit that Don Quijote couldn’toverstep as a reader;Secondly , bring forward the concept of desire ofgroup ;Thirdly , put forward the principle of reading’s self-desire .Mostcontents of the article is the writer’s personal idea of apprehendingliterature .Especially the last point , which may be interpret the diffcultquestion traditional reading theory couldn’t solve. for example , thequestion of acceptance for swordsmen novel .
- 【网络出版投稿人】 吉林大学 【网络出版年期】2004年 04期
- 【分类号】I56
- 【被引频次】2
- 【下载频次】514