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公共管理模式下中国新闻组织的定位与重构
The Orientation and Reconstitution of China’s News Organization with the Model of Public Administration
【作者】 周波;
【导师】 李靖;
【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 , 公共管理, 2004, 硕士
【摘要】 新闻组织是运用大众传播媒介进行采集、制作、传播新闻信息的职业化传播机构。作为大众传播媒介的新闻组织是随着工业革命的兴起而迅速发展起来的。一方面,新闻组织的发展受到了政治、经济、社会和文化诸多因素的制约和限制;另一方面,新闻组织又反过来促进了人类社会政治、经济、社会和文化领域的发展和进步。新闻组织是社会大系统中的一个子系统,新闻组织与社会大系统始终处于互动发展之中。从社会系统的角度审视,新闻组织具有“四重属性”,即政治属性、经济属性、社会(公共)属性和文化属性。到目前为止,新闻组织的政治属性、经济属性、文化属性,已经广为我国理论界和业界的认同和接受,然而,对于新闻组织所具有的社会(公共)属性却还被人们所忽视。对于我国的理论界、业界和政府管理部门,在社会转型和新闻组织不断寻求变革的过程中,迫切需要重视并倡导新闻组织的社会(公共)属性。与新闻组织的“四重属性”相对应,其功能也相应地划分为政治功能、经济功能、社会功能、文化功能。在政治功能中,新闻组织既服务于政府,也服务于社会公众,其中最为引人关注的是新闻组织的舆论监督功能。在民主法治社会中,新闻组织成为维护公民宪法权利、监督公共权力依法运作、防范公共权力滥用的重要力量。在经济属性中,新闻组织是社会发展的重要力量,同时又是一股潜力极大的经济力量。新闻组织是经济发展和变革的“扩大器”、“推动器”,是国家现代化的“催化剂”。在社会功能中,新闻组织是公众社会生活中的重要组成部分,新闻组织的有效运作,促进了现代公民社会的形成和发展。新闻组织通过监视环境、联系社会、设置议程、引导舆论、动员公众,使分散的公众产生共同关注的公共话题,使得社会生活的各部分之间密切联系,相互沟通,协调发展。在文化功能中,新闻组织传承文化,并提供休闲和娱乐,对文化产生持续而深远、广泛而普遍的影响。信息传播和意见表达作为新闻组织的两种基本功能在社会系统的各个部分都发生作用。从新闻组织的不同功能作用于社会系统所产生的效果来看,可分为正功能和负功能,并且每一项功能都可能导致由正功能转化为负功能。为了避免和减少新闻组织负功能的产生,最大限度地实现其正功能,消解负功能,应充分地赋予其七种角色,即:信息传播者、意见表达者、社会守望者、权力监督者、正义维护者、文化传承者、财富创造者,并在以宪法为基础的法律框架下,通过合理的制度安排,保证不同分工的新闻组织主要功能的实现。 <WP=41>对于我国当代的新闻组织来说,只有顺应作为新闻组织外部环境的我国整体社会环境的特征和发展趋势,才能准确、科学地定位,才能更有效、更充分地发挥其功能,促进社会的发展和进步。而当代我国整体社会环境正日益显现出四个鲜明的特征和发展趋势,即政治民主化、经济市场化、社会自治化、文化人文化。从其相互间的关系来考察,四者之间是有着深刻的内在逻辑联系的。中国选择了市场经济的道路,也就是选择了政治民主化、经济市场化、社会自治化、文化人文化的协调发展,对于置身于这种环境和历史发展趋势中的当代中国新闻组织来说,赋予其合理定位,充分发挥其功能和作用的外部环境正在形成,但由于这种进程才刚刚开始不久,许多旧的力量依然极大地束缚着我国新闻组织的发展,这就需要从制度设计的更深层次上剖析和破除我国新闻组织的发展障碍,大胆借鉴人类文明的共同成就,不断推进和深化我国新闻组织的改革和重构。剖析我国的新闻组织,一方面,要看到在20多年改革开放的历程中,新闻组织是宣传改革、引导改革、推动改革的重要力量,在中国取得的举世瞩目的经济成就和社会进步中,新闻组织的作用功不可没。而另一方面,在社会转型和社会环境发生巨大变化时,由于我国新闻组织的定位依然停滞于旧时代,并由此引发了制度设计上的缺陷,致使我国新闻组织陷于某种困境,主要表现在四个方面,即:喉舌工具与商业驱动的冲突、媒介高效与信任危机的尴尬、社会公器与权力延伸的消涨、多重角色与功能失调的矛盾。在由计划经济向市场经济转轨的过程中,我国新闻组织在继续坚持和强化“喉舌工具”的政治属性的同时,其经济属性得到各方认同,并在政府基于财政的原因而不断削减投入的改革取向中,新闻组织内在经济利益驱动和商业运作的积极性高涨并形成了国有新闻组织商业运作的制度设计和运作模式。我国新闻组织成为一个相互间关系复杂的“角色丛”,这种多重角色的复杂性突出地表现在“党政机关——新闻组织——社会公众”三者关系中,并引发出三对矛盾关系,即:政治利益与新闻组织自身经济利益的冲突、新闻组织自身经济利益与公共利益的冲突、政治利益与公共利益的冲突。当前在我国新闻组织所承担的众多功能中,喉舌工具的政治功能居于最强势,新闻组织的产业功能居于其次,而社会(公共)功能往往处于最弱势。与我国在由计划经济向市场经济转轨过程中实行国有新闻组织商业运作的制度设计和运作模式不同,西方新闻组织在长期的发展中,产生了三种新闻组织类型:私营的商业新闻组织、公营的公共新闻组织、国营的政府新闻组织。并形成了三种新闻组织提
【Abstract】 News organization is the professional set-up that interviews, collects,produces and spreads news information through the mass communication media. The news organization, as the mass communication media,develops rapidly with the booming of the industry revolution. On one hand, the development of news organization is limited by political,economic,social and cultural elment, on the other hand, news organization speeds up human being to make progress in political,economic,social and cultural sphere. News organization is a subsystem of the whole social system,and they are always interacting and influencing mutually. Observing news organization from the point of view of the whole social system,it has four kinds of properties,namely,political,economic,social(public)and cultural properties. So far,the political,economic and cultural properties have been accepted in China, but the social(public) properties has always been ignored. It is urgent and necessary for China’s government, press and theory cirle to value and propose the social properties of news orgnization.According to its four kinds of properties, the functions of news organization are composed of political,economic,social and cultural function. As for political function,news organization serves the government and also serves the pulic,the function of the public opinion supervision is the most attractive.In a democracy and rule of law society,news organization is one important power that safeguards citizen right,surpervises public power,prevents rights from public power ‘s abusing. As for ecnomic function,news organization is not only one important power of social development,but also one economic power with huge potentiality. It is the catalyst of modernization,while it promotes economic development and reform.As for social function ,news organization is an important part of social life,it’s effective and efficiene work promotes modern citizen society to come into being and develop rapidly. News organization provides public titles which are paid attention to by the mass through supervising the surroundings,getting in touch with society,setting up agenda,guiding public opinion,and encouraging and organizing the mass,in order to make the whole society contact closely,communicate well and develop harmoniously.As for cultural function,news organization inherits culture and provides leisure and entertainment,it impacts on culture lastingly and deeply,extensively and universially.Information communicating and idea expressing are two basic <WP=45>functions of news organization,they work in every part of the whole social system. According to the different effect of the functions of news organization,they are twokinds of functions,positive function and negative function.Every function can turn positive function into negative function.In order to avoid and reduce the passive function,and receive its positive function maximumly,we should endow news organization with seven roles,namely,information communitor,idea expresser,society guard,justice defender,culture inheritor,property produer.We should design scientific and reasonable system to guarantee operating well of the main function according to its own division of labour.The contemporary news organization of China can get reasonable orientation and exert enough their functions to promote social development and progress when they fit the transformation of external environment. Now there are obvios four feature and tendency in China, namely, politics democratization, economy marketization,society autonomilization and culture humanization. Studying their interrelationship,they,the four have close internal logical relations. When China selects the route of market economy,actually,she has selected the coordinated growth of politics democratization, economy marketization,society autonomilization and culture humanization.In this kind of external surroundings,the contemporary news organization of China can locate exactly and scientifically,but this process begins just,so that there are many obstacles in its way . It is nece
- 【网络出版投稿人】 吉林大学 【网络出版年期】2004年 04期
- 【分类号】G219.2
- 【被引频次】5
- 【下载频次】273