【作者】 闫冰；

【导师】 岳辉；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 成语是现代汉语中十分主要的一类用语，因简洁和凝练而在使用当中倍受关注。关于成语的语法与语用功能，目前已有大量的研究，但大多为宏观概论，微观分析者寥寥无几。而形容词性成语作为成语的重要构成类型之一，考虑到它所包含的内容更为丰富，使用更为灵活，成分更为复杂，为此，本文将从语义和语法等平面，对形容词性成语展开分析和描述，以期发现和解释该类成语的分布规律和使用规则。 §1 形容词性成语的界定 本文要讨论形容词性成语的结构功能特点，也就首先需要对形容词性成语进行具体界定。直接观察该类成语是否是以形容词为基础组成的如果构成成语的核心词均是形容词，则该成语应归属于形容词性成语。2．通过与形容词的对比分析，判断该类成语在句子中是否具备形容词的主要语法功能如果该成语能够在句子中起到形容词的典型语法作用，则该成语也应该归属于形容词性成语。也就是说要从语义范畴角度，看该类成语是否与形容词(表示性质和状态)一致；从句法功能角度，看该类成语是否具备在句子中既能做定语，也能做谓语的语法特点。§2 形容词性成语的语法结构及功能研究 作为具有固定结构和灵活用法的形容词性成语，其语法结构及语法功能也具有一定的特殊规律。§ 2.1 形容词性成语的语法结构分析 成语是词的固定组合的一种形式，它的组合成分之间必然发生语法上<WP=40>的联系。本文从语法角度对形容词性成语进行内部结构分析。2.1.1 联合式2.1.2 主谓式2.1.3 偏正式2.1.4 述补式2.1.5 兼语式§ 2.2 形容词性成语的语法功能 2.2.1 形容词性成语的语义分类 形容词性成语的语义特点直接影响到它对其他句法成分的选择，更影响了它在句子当中的语法位置，所以本文先对形容词性成语的语义特点进行分析。从语义上看，形容词性成语主要可以分为三大类：1. 述人2. 述物3. 述动也有一些形容词性成语同时具有多种语义特征。2.2.2 形容词性成语的语法功能成语在句子中的功能相当于实词，无论它本身结构如何，都可以充当一定的句子成分。本文所讨论的形容词性成语也不例外，它的造句功能和它所属的“词性”——形容词的造句功能基本一致。一般情况下，形容词性成语具有以下语法功能：1. 充当句子的主语2. 充当句子的谓语 3. 充当句子的宾语 <WP=41>4. 充当句子的定语5. 充当句子的状语6. 充当句子的补语从使用频率看，做定语和做谓语是形容词性成语的首要的语法功能，做补语和做状语是形容词性成语次要的语法功能，而做主语和做宾语只是形容词性成语的更次要的语法功能。§3 形容词性成语与形容词性短语及形容词的功能比较§ 3.1 形容词性成语与形容词性短语及形容词在充当定语时的功能差异虽然形容词、形容词性短语及形容词性成语都可以充当定语，但它们在内部结构和语法功能上都存在着一定的差异。3.1.1 语义上的差异3.1.2 内部结构上的差异通过对比分析，我们发现做定语虽然是形容词、形容词性短语和形容词性成语的主要语法功能，但在实际运用中，三者做定语的功能显示出强弱的差别。这种差别大致上呈现如下倾向：形容词性短语 > 形容词性成语 > 形容词§3.2 形容词性成语与形容词性短语及形容词在充当谓语时的功能差异形容词性成语、形容词性短语及形容词都可以充当谓语，但功能上存在着一定的差异。3.2.1 形容词性成语充当谓语的能力3.2.2 形容词性短语充当谓语的能力3.2.3形容词充当谓语的能力通过分析，我们发现形容词性短语做谓语的功能最强，几乎没有什么条件限制；形容词做谓语的功能最弱，所有的状态形容词都有条件限制，<WP=42>性质形容词即使能够单独做谓语，也有条件限制；形容词性成语居中，大部分都可以自由地做谓语，只有一小部分有条件限制。所以，三者的强弱大致可以表示为：形容词性短语 > 形容词性成语 > 形容词§ 3.3 形容词性成语与形容词性短语及形容词在充当状语时的功能差异充当状语不是形容词性成语、形容词性短语及形容词的主要语法功能，但我们从分析中还是可以进行比较的。3.3.1 形容词性成语充当状语的能力3.3.2 形容词性短语充当状语的能力3.3.3 形容词充当状语的能力我们主要可以从两方面来衡量它们做状语的能力的强弱。第一，要看能够“做状语的”在三者中的比重；第二，要看做状语时是否有限制的条件，包括是否要加“地”，是否受到音节的影响等等。用这两个标准衡量，状态形容词直接做状语的能力最强，形容词性成语直接做状语的能力最弱。所以，三者的强弱大致可表示为： 形容词 > 形容词性短语 > 形容词性成语 § 3.4 形容词性成语与形容词性短语及形容词在充当补语时的功能差异形容词性成语、形容词性短语及形容词做补语的能力要比做状语的能力强得多。3.4.1 形容词性成语充当补语的能力3.4.2 形容词性短语充当补语的能力3.4.3 形容词充当补语的能力通过分析，我们认为性质形容词做补语的能力最强，而形容词性短语<WP=43>和形容词性成语做补语的能力差别不大。所以，三者的强弱大致可表示为： 形容词更多还原

【Abstract】 The idiom is a kind of main terms in modern Chinese, paid close attention to extremely in using because of being succinct and condensed. There has been a large amount of research at present about the fuction of the grammar and pragmatics of the idiom. But there’re mostly the macroscopical outline, while very little microanalysis. And as one of the important composition types of the idiom, the morphological feature idiom’s i content included is more abundant, used more flexible, and the composition is more complicated. For this reason, this text will launch analysing and describing in describing the morphological feature idiom from the levels, such as semanteme and grammar etc., in the hope of finding and explaining the distribution law of this kind of idiom and using the rule.§1 Describe the definition of the morphological feature idiomThis text discusses the structure function characteristic of the morphological feature idiom so it need to define to describing the morphological feature idiom concretly at first.Observe directly whether this kind of idiom makes up based on adjectiveIf the key word that forms the idiom is the adjective, this idiom should belong to the morphological feature idiom.Through analysing the comparison with adjective, judge whether this kind of idiom possesses the main grammar function of the adjective in the sentenceIf this idiom can play the typical grammar function of the adjective in the sentence, this idiom should belong to the morphological feature idiom too. That is to say, we should see whether this kind of idiom keeps the same with adjective (expresses nature and state) in terms of semanteme category; and we also should see whether this kind of idiom possesses and can do attributes in the sentence, can do the grammar <WP=45>characteristic of the predicate In terms of function of the sentence structure.§2 The research on the grammar structure and function of the morphological feature idiom As the morphological feature idiom of regular structure and flexible usage, its grammar structure and grammar function have certain special laws.§ 2.1 The grammar structure analysis of the morphological feature idiom The idiom is a regular kind of form that makes up of the word. The connection on the grammar must take place between its association compositions. This text carries on inside structure analysis in the morphological feature idiom in terms of grammar.2.1.1 Uniting type2.1.2 Mainly the calling type2.1.3 Partial and formal2.1.4 State the mending type2.1.5 And concurrently the language type§ 2.2 The grammar function of the morphological feature idiom 2.2.1 The semanteme classification of the morphological feature idiom The semanteme characteristic of the morphological feature idiom influences its choice to the composition of other sentence structures directly, and even influences its grammar position in the sentence, so this text analyses the semanteme characteristic of the morphological feature idiom first. From the point of semanteme, the morphological feature idiom can be divided into three big classes mainly:1. State people2. State things3. State action Some morphological feature idioms possess the characteristics of many kinds of semanteme at the same time too. <WP=46>2.2.2 The grammar function of the morphological feature idiomThe function of the idiom in the sentence is equivalent to the notional word. No matter how its own structure is, it can serve as certain sentence composition. The morphological feature idiom that this text discusses is no exception. Its sentence-making function and its affiliated " morphological feature " --The sentence-making function of the adjective is unanimous basically. Generally speaking, the morphological feature idiom has the following grammar function:1. Serve as the subject of the sentence2. Serve as the predicate of the sentence 3. Serve as the object of the sentence4. Serve as the attribute of the sentence5. Serve as the adverbial modifier of the sentence6. Serve as the co更多还原