【作者】 李晓辉；

【导师】 纪玉山；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 西方经济学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 在西欧，国有企业作为国民经济的重要组成部分，对弥补市场机制的缺陷和政府调控国民经济起到了重要的作用。按照股份制的现代资本组织形态设立的西欧国有企业，既承担了相当多的社会职能，又有较好的盈利能力。本文分析了西欧各国政府对国有企业的宏观管理和企业自身的微观运行机制两个方面以及西欧国有企业的改革历程和特点。在此基础上，与我国国有企业的现状进行比较，学习西欧国有企业发展的成功经验，为我国国有企业改革提供借鉴。本文内容共分为五章：第一章、西欧国有企业的概述西欧国有企业产生于工业革命之后，在 20 世纪尤其是二战后得到了快速发展。西欧国有企业的发展，很大程度上得益于左翼政党的国有化理论。英国的工党、法国的社会党和德国的社会民主党等都提出一系列国有化理论，并于各自执政期间，实施了多项国有化措施，从而推动战后西欧国有企业的迅速建立，并使其成为国民经济的重要组成部分。西欧国有企业存在的主要意义在于弥补市场机制的缺陷和政府调控国民经济的重要手段，如促进战后国民经济的复兴，推行国民经济计划化，限制私有企业垄断，发展地方经济，加速科技创新等。建立在市场经济条件下的西欧国有企业既承担了相当多的社会职能，又有较好的盈利能力。第二章、西欧各国政府对国有企业的宏观管理在西欧各国，政府对国有企业的宏观管理主要体现在对国有企业的规模控制、产业布局规划和监管体制上。西欧各国国有企业的总体规模相对较小，但国有企业的个体规模在各国中均位居前列，并且主要分布在邮政、通讯、交通、电力、能源等国民经济基础设施产业和汽车、钢铁等国民经济支柱产业中。虽然国有企业的整体规模在西欧各国国民经济中的比重不是很大，但由于国有企业个体规模较大且主要分布国民经济基础设施产业和支柱产业中，因此对国民经济有着较强的控制力。此外，完善的外部和内部监管体制，对企业的经营活动进行了有效的约束。西欧国有企业处于市场经济体制的氛围中，在企业的外部有一个成熟完善、公平有序的市场 43<WP=48>竞争环境。第三章、西欧国有企业的微观运行机制从西欧国有企业的微观运作机制来看，绝大多数的国有企业是按照股份制原则设立的股份有限公司或有限责任公司，遵循了所有权和经营权分离的原则，建立了科学的企业法人治理结构。国有企业的组织领导结构、人事管理、生产经营和利润分配等方面都严格按照股份公司的规范来操作。国家按照国有资产在企业中所占的份额，以股东的身份履行出资人的权利，而不直接干预企业的日常经营活动。企业享有较大的经营自主权，从而提高了经营管理效率，使国有企业在市场竞争中处于有利的地位。第四章、西欧国有企业改革国有企业对战后西欧长达二十年的高速经济增长发挥了非常重要的作用。但是，20 世纪 70 年代中期出现的“滞胀”，使西欧各国陷入了困境。国有企业存在的弊端也日益凸现，加之客观形式的需要，使得国有企业改革势在必行。因此，从 20 纪 70 年代末开始，国有企业改革（或者称为私有化和非国有化）以英国为发端，逐渐遍及整个西欧。改革经历了从性竞争领域到垄断行业和公共事业部门的渐进的过程。经过二十多年的改革，西欧国有企业已经基本退出了竞争领域，并且在一些垄断行业也实现了部分私有化，如水、电力、电信等行业。改革降低了国有企业的比重，却增强了其对国民经济的控制力，同时提高了企业的效率和市场竞争力。第五章、对我国国有企业改革的借鉴国有企业在我国国民经济中处于主流地位。但长期以来，我国的国有企业存在着总体规模过大，产业布局不合理，没有科学的国有资产监管体制，缺乏一个公平有序的外部市场环境等弊病。同时，在国有企业微观经营机制中存在着企业自主经营权较小，政企不分，缺乏合理的法人治理结构等缺陷。这些弊端与我国推动市场经济体制建设，建立现代企业制度的改革是不相适应的。西欧国有企业的改革模式以及按照股份公司制的组织形态运行的成功经验，对我国市场经济建设，国有经济产业布局调整，现代企业制度建立以及国有资产监管等方面的国有企业改革有着相当重要的指导意义。通过对西欧国有企业的比较和学习，将会对我国国有企业改革提供一个可供借鉴的目标模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 In west Europe, state-owned enterprise is an important part of nationaleconomy, and plays a crucial role in remedying the vice of market system andcontrolling national economy for the government. State-owned enterprise inwest European countries are set up according to stock company system, notonly undertake much more social functions, but also have a good benefit. Thepaper analyzes the macro-management of state-owned enterprises bygovernments, the micro-action of state-owned enterprises, and the process ofstate-owned enterprises reform. Comparing with the status of Chinesestate-owned enterprises, we hope to learn successful experience about thestate-owned enterprises development in west Europe, provide a good referencefor Chinese state-owned enterprises reform. The main content of the paper consists of five chapters. Chapter I The General Introduction of State-owned Enterprises in West Europe State-owned Enterprises in West Europe came into being after IndustryRevolution, and had a rapid development in 20th Century, especially afterWorld War II. In West Europe, The development of State-owned Enterprisesbenefit from the nationalization policy of left-wing party. All the left-wingparties in England, France, Germany and other country put forward a series ofnationalization theory, and brought many nationalization measures intopractice during their reign, therefore promoted the establishment ofstate-owned enterprises in West Europe after World War II. State-ownedenterprises are important part of national economy, and become key measurefor the governments to remedy the limit of market mechanism and regulateeconomic development, such as accelerating country reconstruction afterWorld War II, pushing national economic plan, breaking monopoly of privatecompanies, developing regional economy, speeding innovation of science andtechnology, etc. State-owned enterprises in market economy not onlyundertake lots of social function, but also have a better payoff ability. Chapter II The Macro-management of State-owned Enterprises by 45<WP=50>Governments in European Countries In west European countries, The Macro-management of State-ownedEnterprises by Governments represents at scale control, industry distributionand supervision system. The whole scale of state-owned enterprises in westEuropean countries is relatively small, but nearly each enterprise ranks top,also mostly distribute in national infrastructure industry such as post,communication, traffic, electricity, energy source, etc, and national economicbackbone industry such as automobile, steel, and so on. Although theproportion of state-owned enterprises in each country is not very large,state-owned enterprises have a strong control of national economy due to theirlarge unit scale and layout in the key industries. State-owned enterprises inwest Europe are in the atmosphere of market economy system, and there is amature and fair competitive market environment outside the enterprises. Chapter III The Micro-action of State-owned Enterprises in WestEurope Most state-owned enterprises in west Europe set up stock limitedcompany or limited company, followed separate principle of ownership andmanagement, and established scientific corporation’s govern structure.State-owned enterprises operates strictly according to the criterion of stockcompany in organizing structure, human resource, daily management, profitdistribution. The government is a shareholder of the enterprises, carrying outownership in term of share of state asset, not intervening the dailymanagement of the enterprises directly. The state-owned enterprises takebiggish management rights, which improves management efficiency and makethe enterprises in advantageous position in competing with other companies. Chapter IV The State-owned Enterprise Reform in West Europe In west Europe, State-owned enterprises played a very important role totwen更多还原