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汉语典故词语研究

Research on Chinese Allusion Expressions

【作者】 丁建川

【导师】 唐雪凝;

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 , 汉语言文字学, 2004, 硕士

【摘要】 用典是我国历代文人喜闻乐用的修辞方式之一。在用典过程中,把故事压缩,把语句提炼,用简单凝炼的一个词或一个短语来概括提示这个故事或这个语句,这个词或短语就是典故词语。作为一种语言现象,典故词语是汉语词汇系统中的一个子系统,对它的研究属于词汇的分类研究。认识典故词语的词汇性质,分析其在词汇系统中的所处的位置及其存在形态,分析它的具体应用和接受的情况,具有一定的理论价值和语用价值;同时作为一种文化现象,典故词语蕴积了丰富的文化信息,通过研究,可以更好地挖掘了解沉淀在其中的文化底蕴,弘扬中华文明和传统,因而也具有一定的社会文化价值。 我们把典故词语作为一种独特的词汇类别研究,以它为中心,重在描写,兼及解释,力求将动态研究和静态研究结合起来,从词汇学和文化语言学两个视角,作出合理的判断。 本文引言部分简要分析了典故词语的研究现状,分析了与之相关的几个概念与典故词语间的关系,力求在错综复杂的纽结关系中揭示其在词汇系统中的独立地位及开展研究的独特价值。 主体由三个部分构成:“汉语典故词语本体研究”、“汉语典故词语应用研究”和“汉语典故词语接受研究”。 “汉语典故词语本体研究”主要从典故词语的性质、形态、构成方法、典故词语的意义和典词语义的动态考察五个方面入手分析其自身的规定性。性质主要包括凝缩性,经典性,融合性,国俗性。“形态”部分从典故词语的表现形式、存在状态及其构成方法三个方面入手,具体分析了典故词语表层的音节结构和语法结构,以及一典多形、多典一形、典中有典和合典等四种存在状态。 在典故词语的语义构成上,本文认为典故词语的语义是一个复杂的结构体,既有其自身的语言意义,又有所深含的文化意义。典故词语区别于其它普通词语之处就在于它有丰富的文化意义。因而把握其深层的文化内涵是正确理解典故词语的关键,也是开展典故词语研究的意义之一。 本文认为典故词语的意义由两个部分组成,一是语言意义,二是文化意义。词语的文化意义是与其语言意义相对而言的。语言意义包括语表意义和语位意义。语表意义即一个典故词语字面上的构成成分的意义及其组合关系意义,而其语位意义是经过融合的整体性意义,是典故词语的词典贮存义和实际的使用意义。就语表和语位意义的关系而言,语位意义经常体现为比喻意义、借代意义和引申意义。文化意义包括语源意义、联想意义、感情意义、语体意义四个方面内容。文化义实质上也属于语言义的范畴。典故词语语义在具体使用中呈现出一种动态的面貌,所以我们要坚持对它进行动态考察。 文章第二大部分“汉语典故词语应用研究”包括“典故词语的语用心理”“典故词语与汉民族文化”以及“典故词语的应用偏误例谈”三方面内容。“语用,二理”部分分析了典故词语受到历代诗文作者喜闻乐用的原因,如追求形象可感、追求经济简练、追求厚重典雅、追求诉诸权威、追求含蓄委婉、追求陌生新奇等,人们的这些语用心理正是基于典故词语所拥有的独特的表现力而产生的。 “典故词语与汉民族文化”一节从典故词语的来源、典故词语的文化内涵两个方面,分析了典故词语所反映出来的不同文化层面的内容,揭示了典故词语与文化的渊源关系,并从典故词语与人名、典故词语与地名两方面考察典故词语与文化的交融关系。 典故词语的应用偏误例谈列举了不解典词之义、颠倒年代,后事前用、剪裁不当、典词僻涩、张冠李戴等五个方面说明了人们在典故词语运用中的一些不恰当之处。 本文主体的第三大部分“汉语典故词语接受研究”考察人们在典故词语的接受理解上的一些失误以及作为一个“合格的读者”与文本中的富含文化内涵的典故词语遭遇时应该具有的解读能力。本文认为一般读者在接受解读典故词语时的失误主要表现为典词作非典词,非典词作典词和典词源出材料误溯。合格的接受者应具备三种基本素质:一定的语言文化背景知识、一定的语言学知识和一定的审美能力。只有在这些方面加强了,我们才有可能继承我国深远的文化遗产,在正确使用规范纯洁的汉语方面做到我们应做的事情。

【Abstract】 Ancient Chinese literators had been fond of using the literary quotations in their poetry & writings through the ages, therefore, the usage of allusions had been formed into a kind of favorable thetoric.Using a simple or refined word or phrase to generalize the condensed story or sentences ,this word or phrase is called allusion expression. As a linguistic phenomenon, allusion expressions belong to a subsystem of Chinese glossary , is a branch study . Analyzing their situations & existing formations , as well as their acceptance & application, it possesses a certain theoretical & pragmatic values . As a cultural phenomenon , they contain abundant cultural information. By studying them , we can dredge up the deposited cultural details , carry forward the Chinese civilization & traditions , hence the social cultural values exist.In my thesis , I treat these allusion expressions as the unique lexical categories. In order to make the reasonable judgment from the lexical & culture-linguistic angles , based on these expressions , I try to find out the relationships with the other concepts , analyze their noumenon , formation and connotation ,besides , the application & acceptance are noticed.Introduction: I analyzed the study values and status quo of allusion expressions , as well as the relationships with literary quotations ,usage of allusions , general expressions & idioms and so on , especially differentiated the differences with idioms .Main body consists of three parts : noumenon study ,application study and acceptance study . Noumenon study is mainly about the dynamic review of the nature, conformation formation methods ,connotation and semantics of allusion expressions themselves . The nature includes condensation, classic, fusion, nationalization. Conformation part analyzed the representation , fourkinds of existing states , such as one expression with multiformity , multi-expressions with one form , mixed allusions and combined allusions, etc. Seven formation methods are generalization , contraction , interception , compound word-concealing , word-transformation and error-copying , etc .As to the semantic structures , they are about both linguistic and implied cultural meanings of allusion expressions . In detail, linguistic meanings include surface meaning and integrated meanings. There are seven parts of the cultural meanings: derivation meaning , reflected meaning , connotative meaning , metaphor meaning ,etc .Dynamic review of semantics includes six aspects, semantics change with the allusion angle and mode multi-semantics co-exist in the same context; ho-momorphism words with different origins should be distinguished by context . Words of different origins with same meanings enriched our linguistic treasury.The second part of main body is: applied research of the allusion expressions, which includes pragmatic psychology of allusion expressions , such as pursuing the vividness ,refinery , authority , novelty and so on . Allusions and Chinese culture displayed the origins and cultures. Applied deflection of allusions has been caused by five aspects: misunderstanding, disorder , mis-clipping , confusion and deviation of the allusion expressions .The third part discussed some lapses made by the readers . Therefore this thesis tend to draw the attention of the readers that they should be equipped with three basic qualities : adequate cultural background knowledge .linguistic knowledge and aesthetic knowledge . Only after these qualities have been enriched can our Chinese rich cultural legacy be inherited.

  • 【分类号】H136
  • 【被引频次】28
  • 【下载频次】1332
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