中日韩砂梨引种、筛选及始果树营养诊断的研究

【作者】 周建；

【导师】 赵思东；

【作者基本信息】 中南林学院 ， 森林培育， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 中国是梨树原产地之一，梨树是我国三大栽培果树之一，其栽培面积与总产量均居世界第一位。但是，从整个梨产业结构来说还存在不少问题，如品种结构不合理，单位面积产量低，优质果少，经济效益差等。 为改变目前状况和推进湖南省梨产业结构的合理化，中南林学院“绿之梦”果园和永州“金地”公司分别引进了一批砂梨品种，其中包括部分日韩品种。本文即以其中的十个品种：翠冠、清香、丰水、黄花、绿宝石、大果水晶、黄金、圆黄、爱宕、新高等为研究对象，进行引种、对比观察实验，主要研究它们在株洲、永州的生长特性、物候期、果实性状、丰产性、抗病性。根据它们在引种地的表现，本文采用多维价值理论的评定方法从果实品质、生长性状、抗病性和丰产性等四个方面进行量化评定，筛选出几个适应湖南的品种。筛选结果显示：中国梨品种表现普遍好于日韩国品种；翠冠、绿宝石、清香、圆黄、爱宕在引种地表现最好。 在进行引种、筛选的同时，为了更加合理地指导生产施肥，本文采用模糊营养诊断法对上述十个品种进行叶片营养诊断。诊断范围包括N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn等9个元素指标。凯氏测氮法测N元素；分光光度法测P元素；火焰光度法测定K元素；原子吸收分光光度法测定Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn等元素，并根据诊断结果进行分析。由分析结果得出以卜结论： (1)圆黄梨氮素含量处于低量范围，其余品种皆处于适量范围。 (2)丰水梨磷素含量处于低量范围，大果水晶梨处于高量范围，其余品种皆处于适量范围。 (3)黄花、黄金、爱宕、新高等4个品种的钾素处于适量范围，其余6个品种钾含量都处于低量范围。 (4)10个品种的钙素含量普遍偏低。仅翠冠、爱宕处于适量范围，其余8个品种皆处于低量范围。 (5)镁素，黄花、绿宝石、爱宕等3个品种处于低量范围，另外7个品种处于适量范围。 (6)各品种铁素含量较正常，仅黄花梨含量处于低量范围。 (7)在所有品种中，黄花梨锰素含量处于高量范围，其余品种皆处于适量范围。 (8)铜素含量相对较复杂，清香、绿宝石、新高等3个品种处于高量范围，大果水晶处于低量范围，其余6个品种处于适量范围。 (9)在所有品种中，翠冠梨锌素含量处于高量范围，其余品种皆处于适量范围。更多还原

【Abstract】 China is one of the original areas for the pear and It is a member of top three planting fruiters in our country. Both the planting acreage and the total output for the pear rank the first. But many defects exist in the pear industry such as unreasonable varieties structure, low yield per unit area, the shortage of high quality fruits, poor benefit and so on.With the aims of changing recent situation and of promoting a rationalization of the pear industry in Hunan Province, a passel of sandy pear varieties, including some originated from Japan and Korea, were introduced to "green dream" orchard in CSFU and to "Jindi" company of Yongzhou city, ten pear varieties (’Cuiguan’, ’Qingxiang’,’Fengshui’, ’Huanghua’, ’Lubaoshi’, ’Daguoshuijing’, ’Hwangkumbae’, ’Yuanhuang’, ’Aidang’ , ’xingao’) are exerted on a introduction experiment and a research. In this experiment the main content is to observe their phonological periods, fruit qualities, growth characters, resistances to the diseases and productivity in Zhuzhou and in Yongzhou. With the help of multi-value theory, they are quantitatively evaluated on the basis of their performance at the following aspects: fruit qualities, growth characters, resistances to the diseases and productivity. As a result, Chinese pears perform better than Japanese pear and Korean pears and five varieties, ’Cuiguan’, ’Qingxiang’, ’Lubaoshi’, ’Yuanhuang’ and ’Aidang’ have been screened because they are most surtful to the enviorment of Hunan Province in those ten varieties.In the processes of introducing and of screening, a nutrition diagnosis is executed on above-mentioned pear varieties in the leaves. In this diagnosis, it adopts 9 mineral elements: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn. According to the diagnostic result, some conclusions are drawn:(1) For the content of nitrogen element, ’Yuanhuang’ is low and the rest varieties are appropriate.(2) The phosphorus element content of ’Fengshui’ is low and that of ’Daguoshuijing’ is high. While the others are in an appropriate bound.(3)For the content of kalium element, four varieties, ’Huanghua’, ’Hwangkumbae’, ’Aidang’ and ’Xingao’ are in the appropriate bound and the rest varieties are low.(4) For the content of calcium element, merely two varieties, ’Cuiguan’ and ’Aidang’ are in the appropriate bound and the others are low.(5) The magnesium element contents of three varieties, ’Huanghua’, ’Lubaoshi’ and ’Aidang’ are low. While those of the rest varieties are right.(6) For the content of Fe element, the most varieties are well-balanced and only ’Huanghua’ is in the low bound.(7) The manganese element contents of ’Huanghua’ is high and those of the restvarieties are appropriate.(8) The content of cuprum element is relatively complicated. Three varieties, ’Qingxiang’, ’Lubaoshi’ and ’Xingao’ are in high bound, ’Daguoshuijing’ is in low bound and the others are appropriate.(9) For the content of Zn element, the most varieties are well-balanced and only ’Cuiguan ’ is in the high bound.更多还原