【作者】 朱晶晶；

【导师】 强胜；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 植物学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 本文以草坪杂草为研究对象，重点研究了江苏省及南京市草坪杂草的分布规律、群落特征，几种草坪恶性杂草的出苗规律及其防除措施，探讨了气象因子对草坪杂草出苗的影响，明确了合理控草时间。本文还通过探讨几种杂草的化感作用潜力，从生态学角度解释三叶草在狗牙根草坪中大量发生的主要原因。 1．利用样线法对江苏省及南京市76个草坪样点进行杂草发生及分布调查，研究结果表明，江苏省城市草坪杂草共计162种，37科，其中冬春季发生杂草121种，夏秋季发生杂草85种，有44种杂草全年发生。香附子、马唐、水花生、酢浆草、早熟禾、野塘蒿、一年蓬、狗尾草、小旱稗等杂草为全省范围内的草坪恶性杂草，其中香附子的发生频度几乎100％。主成分分析结果表明，各地区之间发生的杂草种类没有明显的地域差异，影响江苏省草坪夏季杂草分布的因素众多，杂草的发生有向多个方向演化的趋势，其中频繁的人为干扰取代了地域差异、气候差异成为影响杂草分布的一类首要因素，依据杂草发生情况，全省范围内的城市草坪分为三大类。影响南京市草坪杂草分布的主要因素是管理水平和土壤水分条件。依据草坪的管理水平不同和杂草发生情况，南京市草坪可划分为4个聚类群。 2．通过研究草坪杂草的出苗规律，阐明了本地区9种草坪恶性杂草的出苗动态，明确了其始发期、高峰期、终发期时间及相应出苗期的地表温度。偏相关分析结果表明，地表0厘米的土壤温度是影响杂草出苗的主导因子，地表蒸发率与5种夏秋季杂草出苗率呈显著负相关，空气湿度、降水、日照时数等因子与杂草出苗率的相关性不显著；通径分析结果表明，地表温度和地表蒸发率对杂草出苗的间接影响稍大于直接影响，空气湿度、降水、日照时数对杂草的出苗以直接影响为主，地表温度与地表蒸发率互作对杂草出苗产生的效应最大，其它因子之间的互作效应较小。 3．草坪杂草化学防除研究： 9月下旬在马蹄金草坪冬春季杂草始发期施用坪草隆3#可湿性粉剂30g/mu可以减少早熟禾、粘毛卷耳、繁缕等杂草的出苗。11月上旬在狗牙根草坪中施用乙草胺和坪草隆7#可湿性粉剂100g/mu时，药后60天对早熟禾出苗的抑制率达81.84％，并且对草坪安全。4月上中旬在狗牙根草坪中施用土壤处理剂坪草隆3#可湿性粉剂30g/mu，药后30天对马唐出苗的抑制率可达85.59％，四月中下旬，在马唐高峰期前施用土壤+茎叶处理剂混剂，药后45天，坪草隆悬乳剂+坪草隆3#粉剂混剂低剂量处草坪杂草发生分布规律及其综合防除体系的研究理对马唐防效达78.21%:坪草隆7#+坪草隆悬乳剂低剂量处理对马唐防效达88.34ry0，药后30天、45天观察，各处理对草坪安全。比较发现马唐六叶期用药比三叶期用药防除效果显著降低，要达到相同效果，用量需增加2一3倍以上。本文提出了一系列适时控草，土壤处理与茎叶处理结合使用的控草措施。 4.草坪中某些杂草存在化感作用，这是导致草坪退化的原因之一。通过比较白三叶(Tr扣liumr叩ens L.)、车前(plantago asiatiea L.)、斑地锦(E叩horbias即inaRaf)、醉浆草(Oxalis corniculata L.)四种杂草水提物对高羊茅、狗牙根、马蹄金种子萌发、幼苗生长的抑制作用发现，白三叶水提物的化感活性最高，以草坪种子萌发、幼苗生长作为指标，研究白三叶水提物对不同草坪种的抑制作用大小，结果表明白三叶水提物对三种供试植物的抑制作用由大到小依次是马蹄金、狗牙根、高羊茅叨进二步研究白三叶根、茎及残体等不同部位水提物的化感率舌性大小，研究发现各部位对马蹄金种子的萌发、幼苗生长都有一定的抑制作用，其中茎水提液的抑制作用最强。更多还原

【Abstract】 The occurrence and distribution of the weed communities in turf in Nanjing and the other cities in Jiangsu Province were studied. The principal factors affecting the occurrence of the weeds were observed. The effect of meteorological factors on emergence of several worst weed species was studied and the optimal time for control was set up. The allelopathic potential of extract of Trifolium repens was assessed. Then the ecological reason was given to explain the phenomenon of Trifolium repens infesting grossly to bermudagrass turf.With line intercept method, forty-two sampling plots in Nanjing and thirty-three ones in the other nine cities in Jiangsu province were surveyed in order to find out weed species, infestation and distribution in turf. The obtained data were analyzed with principal component analysis. 162 weed species in turf, belonging to 37 families, including 121 winter-spring weed species and 85 summer-fall weed species were recorded in Jiangsu Province. According to the indexes of important value, frequency, Cyperus rotundus, Digttanasanguinalis, Poa annua, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Oxalis corniculata Were the WOrst turf Weeds.By studying thirty-three sampling plots, it was found that multitude factors affected on the infestation and distribution of weed species. The infestation of weed species evolved in all directions. The factor of frequent artificial interference replaced the factors of discrepancy of zone and climate among cities becoming the most important factor in determining the weed infestation. According to the infestation and distribution of weed species, thirty-three sampling plots were divided into 3 groups. By studying forty-two samples in Nanjing, it found that the most important factor affected on the infestation and distribution of weed species was the level of turf management. And the soil moisture of turf played the secondary effect on the weeds. According to these two factors, forty-two turf sampling plots were divided into 4 groups. The characteristic of each group was studied and the dominant weed species in each group were listed.The emergence of nine turf weed species in Nanjing was studied from October 2000 to 2002. The date and soil temperature in the stages of beginning, peak and end of occurrenceof every weed species were identified. The effect of meteorological factors on weed emergence was analyzed with partial correlation analysis and path analysis. The results of partial correlation analysis showed that the soil temperature was the principal factor affecting the emergence of weeds. Soil evaporation was a negative factor affecting the emergence of five summer-fall weed species. The correlation between weed emergence and the other three meteorological factors like air humidity, rain falling and sunshine was not significant. The results of path analysis showed that the indirect effect of soil temperature and soil evaporating on weed emergence were stronger than direct effect. However the other three factors mainly directly affected. The interaction between soil temperature and soil evaporation was the greatest in indirect effect.Pingcaolong No.3 WP, a preemergence herbicide, was applied to control the weed species in winter-spring season in Dichondra repens at the middle of September. When applied at 30g(ai)/mu, the emergence rate of Poa annua and Stellaria media were reduced and the turf quality was not affected. Two preemergence herbicides, Pingcaolong No.6 WP and Pingcaolong No.7 WP, were applied to control Poa annua in bermudagrass at the beginning of November. When applied at 100g(ai)/mu, the emergence was reduced 81.84% and the hurt to turf was slight 60 days later. By evaluating the efficacy of the mixtures of preemergence and postemergence herbicides for the control of Digitaria sanguinalis in bermudagrass at the end of April. When applied at 20g+25ml/mu, Pingcaolong No.7 WP plus Pingcaolong SC, the infestation of Digitaria sanguinalis reduced 88.34%. When applied at 25ml+15g/mu, SC plus Pingcaolong No.3 WP, the infestation of Digitaria sanguinalis r更多还原