【作者】 黄新宇；

【导师】 沈其荣； 徐阳春；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 植物营养学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 我国既是水稻生产大国，又是世界上水资源严重短缺的13个国家之一。传统的水稻淹水种植方式耗水量巨大，据估测水稻的灌溉用水量约占我国年农业用水总量的65％～80％，因此对我国而言开展旱作水稻生产技术的研究和推广具有重要意义。地表覆盖旱作水稻是一项崭新的栽培技术，具有节水、省工、节本等优点，应用前景广阔。然对覆盖材料的研究多局限于塑料地膜，对不同覆盖材料效果比较的研究鲜见报道；且在水分利用效率方面所积累的资料也不全面、系统。本研究通过对不同地表覆盖旱作水稻和水作水稻的灌溉量、水分损失量、土壤水分和温度状况、水稻生长发育及产量和水分利用效率进行比较，旨在阐明地表覆盖旱作水稻的节水机制，为地表覆盖水稻旱作技术的推广提供理论依据。 本研究于2001和2002年在盐城农科所试验场进行了不同地表覆盖旱作水稻的田间对比试验，并于2003年在南京农业大学网室进行了微区补充试验。试验设覆膜、盖草和裸露3个旱作处理和1个常规水作对照。研究结果表明： 水稻旱作后生育期较常规水作明显延迟。与水作水稻相比，旱作水稻各生育阶段均推迟约2～7 d；旱作水稻全生育期比水作延长4～10 d，且主要是在播种-拔节期，延长6～10 d。水作水稻出叶速度比旱作快，尤其是拔节期，旱作覆膜出叶略快，但与其它旱作处理间差异不显著。水稻旱作明显矮化，株高较水作降低21.4～42.2cm，差异显著，矮化幅度为裸露＞盖草＞覆膜。旱作水稻总分蘖数高于水作，各处理间为覆膜＞盖草＞裸露，覆膜旱作分蘖数虽多，但其成穗率却最低。 地表覆盖显著影响稻田土壤温度和水分，各处理土壤含水量高低顺序为覆膜＞盖草＞裸露。除苗期外，水作稻田5cm和10cm土壤平均温度均明显低于旱作。旱作处理间覆膜＞裸露＞盖草，且差异显著。覆盖处理的增温作用与覆盖材料有关，尤其在播种-拔节期和抽穗-成熟期，较裸露提高1℃以上，在拔节-孕穗期和孕穗-抽穗期处理间差异变小，覆膜处理平均提高仅0.5℃左右，盖草处理则几乎无增温作用。 水作水稻籽粒和稻草产量均显著高于旱作各处理，旱作处理间差异不显著。从产量构成看，旱作不如水作合理，过多的无效分蘖大大降低了分蘖成穗率，且造成每穗实粒数、结实率和千粒重的降低，最终产量低于水作处理；旱作处理的穗数和每穗实粒数间差异不明显，覆盖处理略好于裸露处理，而覆膜旱作水稻的千粒重则低于其他不同地表援盖旱作水稻的生长与水分利用效率的研究两处理。 水作处理灌水量远远高于旱作处理，差异极显著;旱作处理中覆盖处理比裸露处理节水，以覆膜处理灌水量最少.水作处理的田间水分利用效率仅为0.4~o.skg，m一3，旱作处理达水作的3倍，差异极显著;覆膜和盖草两覆盖处理间差异不明显，但都与裸露处理差异显著.水作处理的灌溉水生产效率与旱作各处理间差异均极显著，早作高达水作的8一16倍，覆盖处理也明显高于裸露处理。 因此，旱作水稻通过合理的地表履盖措施可以达到水作水稻的产量水平.地表履盖旱作处理能明显节约灌溉用水量，提高降雨的利用效率，从而大大提高灌溉水生产效率和田间总水分利用效率，对于干早地区的节水增效有着重要的意义.其中以地表覆盖半腐解稻草效果最好，具有很高的推广价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Rice is traditionally cultivated in flooded soil, which consums a great deal of water and is one of the most water-consumed crops in the world estimated by FAO in 1996. Along with the decrease of available fresh water resource in the world, water saving agriculture is becoming more popular worldwide. Thus, a number of studies have been conducted in rice cultivated in non-flooded condition, especially in water use efficiency (WUE) in the rice production system. Since China is the largest producer of rice grain and one of the thirteen countries being most short of water in the world, it is of great significance to study and spread the technique of rice culitivation in non-flooded soil. A ground cover rice production system in non-flooded soil is proposed among the different techniques. In order to illustrate water-saved mechanism of rice cultivated under non-flooded soil mulched with different materials, field experiments were conducted to compare irrigation, water-loss, soil water and temperature condition, rice development, final rice grain yield and water use efficiency among different treatments.The experiments were carried out in such two different systems as waterlogged and aerobic cultivation in 2001 and 2002. The experimental field was selected in the suburb of Yancheng city of Jiangsu Province, located at latitude 33 27’N, longitude 120 11’E. And tiny concrete-pool experiments were also carried out in green house in Nanjing Agricultural University in 2003. Both field experiments and tiny concrete-pool experiments have the same treatments, including three treatments in non-flooded soil with plastic film mulching (PF), straw mulching (SM), bare (B) and control (CK) in waterlogged soil. The results were as follows.The whole growing period of rice cultivated under non-flood condition was obviously delayed for about 4~10 days compared with that under waterlogged condition. This delaymostly happened in sowing-jointing period, the delay of which was about 6~10 days. The extending speed of rice leaves under non-flooded soil was slower than that underwaterlogged soil especially in joimting period. And the height of rice crop in non-flooded soil was also significantly shorter than in waterlogged rice, i.e. about 21.4~42.2cm shorter in former. However, the tillers of rice in aerobic soil were higher than waterlogged rice.The effect of ground cover with different materials on soil temperature and water condition was significant with the order of PF > SM > B. The soil temperature hi 5 cm and 10 cm in waterlogged soil was obviously lower than those in non-flooded soil. The soil temperature of PF was 1 掳C higher than that in SM in sowing-jointing and booting-Maturity periods, while the difference between them became less hi jointing-booting and booting-heading periods. However the soil temperature of SM was almost the same as that of B.Rice grain yield and straw yield in waterlogged soil were significantly higher than those in non-flooded soil. Almost the same yields of rice were obtained in aerobic soil mulched with plastic film and rice straw and they were higher than those in treatment without mulching. The components of rice grain yield in non-flooded condition were not as rational as waterlogged condition. Higher plant density was accompanied with more inefficient tillers, and it would lead to great reduction of the spike/tiller ratio, filled-grain numbers per panicle and thousand-grain weight. Among different ground cover treatments, the difference of panicle numbers and that of filled-grain numbers per panicle were not signicant, and the components of rice grain yield in treatments with plastic film or rice straw mulching were a little better than treatment without mulching while thousand-grain weight of PF was lower than that of the others.The irrigation water amount used in waterlogged treatment was significantly higher than that in non-flooded treatments. The total water use efficiency in waterlogged treatment was only 0.4-0.5 kg-m"3, while that of non-flooded treatments were three times higher. Ther更多还原