乡村社会资本与村民小组治理—皖西龙镇调查与思考

【作者】 包先康；

【导师】 朱士群；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 社会学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 现代化是当今社会发展的趋势，但现代化并不意味着乡村社会的消失，而会导致城乡之间的融合生长以及它们之间相互作用相互促进：现代化是传统社会向现代社会过渡的过程，但并不意味着传统的消失，传统因素在现代化中仍起着重要作用。传统因素对乡村治理的作用更为明显。乡村社会资本是传统因子的集合，因此我在这篇文章中以乡村社会资本作为解释框架来研究乡村社会的底层组织——村民小组的治理。本文试图通过村民小组治理的研究，发掘乡村社会资本在村民小组治理中的作用；并以此探索实现村庄现代过程中传统与现代的切合点；论证村民小组治理在乡村社会治理中的地位和作用，展望村民小组治理的未来。 村民小组是村级治理结构的基层组织，是典型的“熟人社会”，它的治理有别于“半熟人社会”的行政村，更不同于乡镇的治理。村民小组的治理状况会直接影响到村级治理，进而影响到乡镇的治理，最终会影响到整个乡村社会的治理状况。但是中外学者在研究中国乡村社会及其治理的过程中，绝大多数把研究的焦点集中在乡镇和行政村的治理的层面上，而忽略了对村民小组治理的研究。因此，我选择了中部欠发达地区有一定代表性的乡镇——龙镇作为研究个案，研究龙镇的村民小组的治理。新中国成立后，伴随着国家权力进一步渗入乡村，乡村社会发生着急剧的变迁，再加上改革开放后市场经济的嵌入，龙镇跟很多中部地区乡镇一样，社区记忆慢慢消失，而经济社会分化又不充分，乡村治理仍受传统因素的影响。 本文重点探讨了村民小组中四种力量——村民小组内体制精英、村民小组内非体制精英、村庄外精英(另一种种力量)和普通村民之间的互动及其这些互动对村民小组治理的影响。文中运用一个个生动的个案展现精英和村民的行动逻辑，并通过对“社会事实”的展开来突显乡村社会资本在村民小组治理中的重要作用。同时，我们又可以通过村民小组这一“社会缩影”来透视国家与社会的关系：探索现代化国家(民族——国家)建设过程中，国家权力如何向基层渗透，并实施对乡村社会的控制；检讨乡村民主政治建设，拷问村民自治制度在乡村实施的绩效。更多还原

【Abstract】 Today modernization is the trend of the social development, but modernization doesn’t mean that rural society will be lost. Whereas it can lead to the fusion and development of city and countryside. They interact and advance mutually. Modernization denotes that traditional society transits to modern society, but it doesn’t imply that the tradition will disappear. Traditional factors also play great roles in modernization, especially in the rural governance. Rural social capital puts traditional elements together, so, in my paper, I apply rural social capital to researching the governance of a small village group which is at the bottom of the rural social organization, and try to find out the function of rural social capital on the governance of the small village group, and probe into the traditional and modern point of contact in the course of the village modernization, and discuss the position and function of the governance of the small village group in the course of the governance of rural society, looking forward to the future of the governance of the small village group.The small village group is the basic organization in the structure of the village governance. It is a typical "familiar society". Its governance is different from that of administrative village which is "semi-familiar society", and is more different from the governance of villages and towns. The condition of the governance of the small village group can directly influence that of village governance, further influence that of villages and towns, and at last influence that of the whole rural society. However, Chinese and foreign scholars in the course of researching the rural society and its governance in China, most of them focus their study on villages and towns’ and administrative village governance, while ignoring the research of the governance of the small villagegroup. Therefore, I singled out a typical example--Long Town (located in thewest of Anhui province ), which is located in the undeveloped areas of China, especially in the middle and western parts, to study its governance at the smallvillage groups. After New China has been set up, with national power further penetrating into the countryside, the rural society has been taking acute changes. Besides, after reforming and opening up, market economy embedded in the rural society. Just like many other towns in the middle areas in China, community memory at Long Town is gradually being lost. In the meantime, because economic and social differentiation is not full, traditional factors still work on the rural governance.In my paper, I put emphasis on inquiring into the interaction among four kinds of force-system elites in the small village, non-system elites out of the small village group, elites out of the village( another force) and ordinary villagers in the small village group. And their interactions impact on the governance of the small village group. In my paper, some vivid cases are applied to presenting the logic of action between elites and villagers. My paper highlights the function of rural social capital on the governance of the small village group by unfolding "social fact". Meanwhile, we may also see through relations between state and society in the form of "social miniature" of the small village group, explore state how to permeate the basic level and how to control the rural society, in the course of constructing modern state (nation-state), inspect democratic politics in the country, and question the effect of the institution of villager’s autonomy on the rural society.更多还原