康德对形而上学重建的思想探究

【作者】 余成跃；

【导师】 温纯如；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 外国哲学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 形而上学问题是长期以来一直争论不休的哲学基本问题之一。古希腊时期，巴门尼德的“存在”，柏拉图的“理念”以及亚里士多德的“形而上学”，都是有关形而上学的探讨。形而上学被定格在对终极本原的追求。但是，自亚里多德以来的2000多年时间里，形而上学问题并未得到完满的解决，反而近代哲学家们把这门学科的名声诋毁。在独断论者们看来，人类理性能够独立地、不依赖于任何经验就可以解决有关世界本原、上帝存在等一系列的形而上学问题。而怀疑论者们则对此表示怀疑，他们决意取消形而上学。 独断论和怀疑论的对立，尤其是休谟对独断论的诘难，启发了康德对形而上学的反思。作为科学的形而上学如何可能?康德对人的认识能力进行了批判，并得出结论：人只能认识现象界，不能认识物自体。人有感性、知性和理性三种先天认识能力。感性的统一靠知性，知性的统一靠理性，理性理念成了真理的最后标准和认识的永恒趋向。但是理性理念引导知性以寻求经验知识最大限度的统一性的功能，还不能作用于经验界。它虽然已全然逼近，但还不是康德心目中积极的本体。康德认为，这个真正积极的本体不能是认识，而只能是人的实践理性，就是不同于科学知识的道德。这样，康德的物自体就由认识论的理性理念迈入了伦理学的实践理性，成为道德本体。康德认为，这才真正是物自体本身。物自体学说既是康德认识论的归宿，又是迈向康德伦理学的桥梁。批判哲学的整个体系就由这个道德的实体承载起来，道德形而上学由此建立，它致力于探求人生的意义和归宿，获取人性的自由和完善。 康德对形而上学的反思别开生面，我们对之应该批判地考察，以望从中获得一些有价值的启示。并且，康德哲学对后来哲学产生了极其深远的影响，因此，我们用战斗的唯物主义观点来研究和批判康德哲学就显得更为重要。更多还原

【Abstract】 Metaphysics is one of the basic philosophic issues disputed endlessly for a long period .At the times of ancient Greece, Parmenide’s "existence", Plato’s "Idea" and Aristotle’s "metaphysics" are all researches on metaphysics, which is stipulated as the pursuit on the last arche. However, during the 2000 years after Aristotle, the issue of metaphysics has not been solved perfectly and its reputation has been slandered by philosophers of modern times. To dogmatists, a series of metaphysics issues such as the world’s arche and the argument for the existence of God could be solved by human reason independently and is’s not necessary to rely on any experience. But scepticsts doubted about it and decided to cancel metaphysics.The antagonism of dogmatism and skepticism, esp. Hume’s crossexamination on dogmatism has inspired Kant’s thinking on metaphysics. How metaphysics is possible an a branch of science? Kant criticized human beings could recognize appearance field only and they couldn’t recognize thing-in-itself . Human beings have three kinds congenital recognition abilities of perceptual, understanding and reason. The unity of perceptual relays on understanding, the unity of understanding relays on reason and reason arche becomes truth’s last standard and eternal tendency of recognition. But reason arche only havethe function of leading understanding and pursuing for the biggest limit’s unity of searching for experience knowledge and can not function in experience field. Though it is completely closing in on, it is not the active noumenon to Kant . To Kant, the true active noumenon can not be recognition, but human beings’ practical reason, that is morality which differs from scientific knowledge .Then, Kant’s thing-in -itself comes into practical reason of ethics from reason arche of epistemology and becomes moral noumenon. To Kant , this is thing-in-itself itself. The theory of thing -it-itself is both the end of Kant’s epistemology and the bridge to Kant’s ethics .The whole system of critic philosophy transitions to this moral substance and then moral metaphysics ins established . It wants to research life’s journey’s meaning and end and gets human nature’s freedom and perfection.Kant’s introspection on metaphysics is novel, we should research it critically and hope , that we can get some voluable guidance .Kant’s philosophy has profound and lasting influence on later philosophy. So it is more important to study and criticize Kant’s philosophy with militant materialism.更多还原