问向灵魂的深处—古希腊悲剧的命运观念及其演变的美学思考

【作者】 胡孝根；

【导师】 赵凯；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 美学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 希腊悲剧所探讨的命运问题是人类长期未能解决的课题。命运观是人类思维发展到一定历史阶段必然的产物，它在各个民族各个历史阶段普遍存在，也影响着各个时代各个民族的生命态度和心理结构。早期命运观认为：人的命运决定着人的一生；人在命运面前无能为力，人是不能改变命运的；每个人都有各不相同的命运轨迹，而且各自命运在其出生之前就已先天注定。但人类命运观一经产生，就不是一成不变的，而是不断发展变化的。在人类历史上，命运观的发展一般有两条道路，一是由命运观走向宿命论，人在命运面前彻底丧失了自由，成为命运之神的忠顺奴仆；一是命运观走向抗命论，强大的命运虽然桎梏了人的自由，但人没有放弃对自由的追求。人们常说希腊悲剧是命运悲剧，严格说来这是不准确的。其实在希腊众多悲剧中，只有极少数作品属于命运悲剧之列，而绝大多数是以命运为题材的悲剧，而不是宣扬命运的悲剧。在三大悲剧家作品中，希腊人的命运观也经历着嬗变。概括而言，对于命运，埃斯库罗斯是信而不疑的，索福克勒斯则是信而存疑的，而欧里庇德斯则是疑而不信的。命运观在希腊人那里没有陷入宿命论的神秘境地，而是不断理性化，不断褪去其神秘的面纱。古希腊命运观走上理性化之路在于古希腊民族生存方式的重大转变、希腊民主政治的扶持、人本主义的生命态度以及科学理性主义的精神的智力支持等多方面原因使然。更多还原

【Abstract】 The concept of fate talked about in the Ancient Greek tragedies is one of human’s problems persistently unsolved. It is formed unavoidably in accompany of the progress in human’s thought. It exists in all ages and all peoples, and deeply affecting their life attitude and psychological structure. In view of the early concept of fate, one’s whole life is doomed by his fate, one has nothing to do but yield to the fate, and everyone has his own destiny that is doomed before his birth. But once formed, it is always changing. One leads to the pessimistic in which people lose freedom, the other to the rebellion in which people dream of freedom. And the Greek chooses the latter; In the Greek tragedies, the concept of fate has been changed greatly. Generally speaking, as to fate, Aiskhulos believes it without doubt, but Sophokles takes it doubtfully, and Euripides questions it with no confidence. They illuminate it clearly, uncovering its mysterious veil. What leads to the change lies in the fact of the movement of life style in Ancient Greek, of the assurance of the Greek democracy, of the love for their lives, and the help of its advanced science and philosophy.更多还原