【作者】 张士良；

【导师】 张放； 黄冲平； 谢鸣；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 农业推广， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 丘陵山地是我国南方开发潜力最大的土地资源之一，在丘陵山地上种植果树是最常见的土地利用方式。目前，南方丘陵山地果园普遍存在着比较严重的生态问题，如生态组分单化、生态环境恶化、土壤侵蚀、水土流失、地力衰退等。要解决这些问题，实现果园良好的生态经济效益，有效措施之一是实施系统的生态工程技术。笔者及课题组成员利用我国现代生态农业及其生态工程研究的有关成果，综合多个课题、学科的研究思路和方法，开展了南方丘陵山地果园生态工程技术的研究、示范与推广工作。研究、示范的主要区域在安吉山湖塘小流域、德清高峰水库小流域和景宁800m左右高山果园生态系统，措施以果园生态工程技术应用、生态系统模式构建、无公害农产品生产、农业推广为主线，以生态工程技术为先导，探索出了一条山、水、林、路综合治理，工程、生物措施合理配置的果园生态新路子，营造了一个生态良性发展的果园复合生态系统。并根据市场需求，引入名优特新品种，采用配套的生态工程技术发展果园生态产业，提高了丘陵山地资源的生产潜力和利用效率，实现了果园生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的统一协调发展。并在浙江省及南方丘陵山地推广、辐射累计达13333hm~2，产生经济效益近亿元；通过了两个省级课题鉴定，其中由浙江省科技厅组织鉴定的《丘陵山地高效农业生态工程模式及产业化研究、示范和推广-安吉、德清、景宁生态工程模式研究与示范》课题成果获浙江省教育厅科技进步一等奖，成效显著。 主要研究成果： 本研究的主要结果包括以下几个方面： 1、集成并优化了一套丘陵山地果园生态工程技术体系，包括：(1)防护林营建工程技术；(2)节水工程技术；(3)保水治沙工程技术；(4)地力培肥工程技术；(5)土壤侵蚀综合防治工程技术等。值得一提的是，为了解决丘陵山地严重的水土流失问题，在国内首创了集生物和工程措施为一体的“小流域一套种(旱稻或绿肥)一多级集水沟渠一多级沉沙池一储水灌溉一回土肥田”技术体系，使泥沙流失量明显低于国家标准，该成果处于国内领先水平。 2、总结并推广了3种丘陵山地果园复合生态系统模式:(1)果树一旱稻;(2)果树一绿肥(牧草);(3)果树一绿肥(牧草)一畜禽。实践表明，这些模式具有良好的生态效益和经济效益。 3、带动并培育了1个产业化示范点:在海拔SO0m左右的景宁山区，示范推广了上述技术和模式，带动当地实现了果树生态化、集约化种植，4年后面积近667hm2，实现了产业化。这是浙江省乃至长江以南地区海拔最高、面积最大的果树生态种植示范基地，其生产的砂梨果品2002年通过了农业部A级绿色食品认证，成为我国第一个通过国家绿色食品认证的砂梨果品，2003年7月又被评为浙江省十大优质早熟梨并获得金奖。 4、创新并强化了1套农业推广模式与方法:“连锁辐射”农业推广模式与方法。其中，在加强建立一级辐射点方面，探索性地实行了4种不同的合作及推广、应用模式:股份制模式、研究所+产业化组织模式、农业企业化模式和扶贫推广模式。既达到了科技推广、科教兴农的目的，也拓宽了科研推广的途径和方法。 结果表明，上述成果具有很强的实用性和推广价值，对南方丘陵山地果园及生态农业建设和发展具有重大的理论和实践指导意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Hilly areas are one of the most potential land resources in the south of China. Planting fruit trees on the hilly lands is the most common land-using approach. At present, there are severe ecological problems about orchards on the hilly lands in the south of China, such as the monotony of the ecological components, the deterioration of the ecological environment, the erosion of the soil, the rush of the soil, the decline of soil fertilizer and so on. One of the effective measures is to implement ecological engineering technology. As a member of the research group, I utilized the relative results of modern ecological agriculture and ecological engineering research in our country, synthesized many projects’ and disciplines’ research methods, started the research, demonstration and extension work from the view of the ecological engineering technology on the hilly orchards in the south of China. The main research and demonstration areas were the Anjie County Shanhutang watershed, the Deqing County Gaofeng reservoir based watershed and the Jingning County mountainous orchard ecological system with a height of about 800 meters. The work developed with the center of the ecological engineering technology application of the orchard, the construction of the ecological system model, the production of security agricultural products, the development of new extension methods. The work focused on the ecological engineering technology, obtained a new orchard ecological method of comprehensive management of the hill, water, forest, road and the effective combination of the engineering and biological measures, constructed a complex ecological orchard system with a positive feedback characteristic. According to the demands of the market, the new varieties were introduced, the suitable ecological engineering technology was adopted to develop the orchard production, the producing potential was improved and the utilization efficiency of the hilly lands resource was increased. It was extended more than 13333 hm2 in the Zhejiang Province and the southern hilly lands, brought nearly 100 million Yuan for the farmers.The main results of the study include four aspects:1 Integrated and optimized an ecological engineering technological system for orchards on the hilly lands, including: (1) The shelter belt-constructing engineering technology; (2) The water-saving engineering technology; (3) The conservation engineering technology; (4) The technology of enhancing soil fertility; (5) The engineering technology of the comprehensive prevention of soil erosion and so on.It should be mentioned that in order to solve the severe erosion problem on the hilly lands, a new technical system was developed firstly in our country which consisted of watershed planning, intercropping, multilevel catchment canals, multilevel soil-sinking and water-collecting pools, irrigation with the collected water, eroded soil’s return to the land. The system integrated biological and engineering measures and made the quantity of eroded soil obviously less than national standard.2 Summarized and extended three complex ecosystem models for orchards on the hilly lands:(l) fruit trees and upland rice intercropping ;(2) fruit trees and green manure (grazing) intercropping; (3) combination of fruit trees, green manure (grazing) and livestock. It was tested that these models had effective benefit both in ecology and economy.3 Established a industrialization demonstration site. The technology and models mentioned above were extended in the Jingning County mountainous area that was of about 800 meters altitude. An ecological and intensive input fruit planning demonstration site, with an area of nearly 667hm2 four years later, came to success. It was the highest and the largest fruit ecological demonstration site in the province of Zhejiang, even in the south of the Changjiang River.4 Innovated and strengthened a set of agricultural extension patterns-Rolling Radiation. In strengthening the establishment of firs更多还原