苏共领袖非理性更替的考察与反思

【作者】 任俊伟；

【导师】 张志明；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 党的学说与党的建设， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 苏共是第一个革命成功的工人阶级政党，是第一个在全国范围内执政的共产党，它的成功和失败对于其他尤其是执政的共产党，对于世界社会主义运动都具有举足轻重的影响。前事不忘，后事之师。对于中国共产党来说，由于历史造成的中共与苏共的特殊联系，造成了研究苏共的经验教训对于我们党的特殊意义。纵观苏共的历史，我们可以发现这样一种现象：苏共每一次领袖的产生和更替多是伴随着激烈的党内斗争和剧烈的政治动荡，自始至终都没有建立起理性规范的领袖更替机制。本文正是抽取这一历史片断，在对苏共领袖更替历程进行历史考察和与其他政党进行比较的基础上，探求这一现象的成因，并进行初步的反思，以期获得有益的借鉴。这就是本文研究的目的本文的第一部分，运用历史研究的方法对苏共历史上领袖更替的概况进行了回顾。由于斯大林模式的深远影响，所以以斯大林为界，第一节重点阐述了从列宁到斯大林的领袖权力更替过程，第二节重点阐述了后斯大林时代领袖更替过程。本文的第二部分，运用历史唯物主义的方法对造成这一现象的原因进行了深入分析，主要有以下几个方面：俄国集权专制的历史和政治传统、苏共革命和执政面临的环境、领袖的个人因素、苏共极端集中的领导体制。本文的第三部分，运用比较的方法将苏共这一现象放到世界政党政治的大局进行考察。主要阐述了领袖在政党组织体系中的地位和作用、西方资本主义国家政党领袖更替的一般规律、领袖的理性更替对于政党和国家的重大影响。本文的第四部分对这一问题进行了初步的反思，着重从制度建设和党内民主的角度进行思考，以上升到共产党自身建设和执政规律研究的高度。领袖在政党中的作用是十分突出的，在以民主集中制为组织原则的共产党内更是如此，这一点本已无须赘言。但是，领袖的产生和更替机制对于政党和政党所执政的国家的重大意义，尤其是对于一党长期单独执政的共产党和社会主义国家的影响，却没有得到应有的关注和研究。本文正是在政党政治的框架内以苏共的领袖更替为切入点，回溯其历史发展轨迹，细究其形成之各种因素，探寻解决之道。适应世界民主政治发展之潮流，遵循政党政治运作之规律，体现马克思主义政党的先进性，这些都要求以为人民争自由、争民主、求解放、谋幸福为己任的共产党自身运作必须是民主的，必须以制度建设为重点、以党内民主为根本导向，以实现党的领袖理性、规范的产生和更替。这就是本文研究的结论。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Soviet Communist Party is the first political party of the working class who won success in revolution, and the first Communist Party nationwide in power. Its success and failure have very important influence to other Communist Parties, especially ones in power, and to world socialism. The past, if not forgotten, can serve as a guide for the future. To the Communist Party of China, studying experiences and lessons of the Soviet Communist Party has a special meaning because of their special historical connection.Making a general survey of history of the SCP, we can find this phenomenon: The leader’s production and replacement each time was mostly following the fierce inner-party struggle and the violent political turbulence. The SCP has not set up the reasonable and normal mechanism of replacement of leader. In the hope of getting helpful reference, this article collects this historical part, seeks the original cause of formation of this phenomenon, and carries on preliminary introspection, on the foundation of historical investigation into the course of the leaders’ replacement and of comparison with other political parties. This is the aim of this article.The first part of this article, using the historical method, reviewed the course of the SCP leaders’ replacement. Because of the far-reaching influence of Stalin’s mode, I regard Stalin as the boundary. The focal point of section one is the course in leader’s power from Lenin to Stalin, and the focal point of section two is the course after Stalin’s times. The second part of this article, using the method of historical materialism, has carried on in-depth analysis to the reason causing this phenomenon. There are several aspects: Russian historical and political tradition of centralization and despotism, the environment that the SCP faced, personal factor, and the leadership structure. The third part, using the method of comparison, put this phenomenon into overall situation of worldwide party politics. It mainly explains the status and function of the leader in the organizing system of political party, and the universal law of the leader’s replacement in political party of western capitalist nation, and the great influence of the leader’s rational replacement on political party and country. The fourth part has carried on preliminary introspection to this question. To solving this problem, I make the thinking in terms of institutional improvement and inner-party democracy emphatically.Leader’s role in political party is very outstanding, especially in Communist Party taking democratic centralism as organizational principle; this needn’t have the <WP=5>verbosity.. However, the great meaning of the leader’s production and the replacement mechanism to the political party and country, especially to the Communist Party in power solely and permanently and to the socialist state, has not got due care and research. This article just takes the SCP leaders’ replacement as the breakthrough point in the frame of the party politics, tracks back its historical development orbit, details his various kinds of factors of forming, seeks the solution. Meeting the trend of democratic politics development of the world, following the law of party politics operation, reflecting the advance of Marxist political party, all these require the Communist Party, who thinks fighting for people’s freedom, democracy, liberation, happiness as of own duty, must operate democratically. The Communist Party must take institutional improvement as the focal point, and regard inner-party democracy as the basic direction, so as to realize the reasonable and normal production and replacement of the leaders. This is the conclusion of this article.更多还原