我国银行危机处理问题研究

【作者】 李余良；

【导师】 阮小莉；

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 ， 金融学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 在我国，随着经济的发展和改革的深化，银行等金融机构危机不时出现，典型的如1998年6月海南发展银行破产；1998年6月广东国际信托投资公司破产；1999年5月中国投资银行被光大接手；2002年1月中国光大信托投资公司破产。银行等金融机构危机处理问题已现实地摆在了我们面前。2003年3月，中国新一届政府总理温家宝在其施政纲领中，把防范和化解金融风险作为一项重要目标。随后，国家成立了银监会，完善了银行、保险、证券监管体系，使金融监管更加专业化、职能化。这说明金融风险管理已经成为中国决策高层主要的关注对象。而这一年突然发生的“SARS”危机带给我们的措手不及，使我想到了建立银行危机处置预案的重要作用。基于这种朴素和实用的认识，本文把银行危机处理问题作为了研究方向，希望通过对银行危机处理方式的探讨，为我国银行风险管理提供一些具有操作意义的思路。一、本文的主要内容和观点本文共分三章。第一章主要论述了银行危机产生的原因、强负外部性和我国银行业潜在的危机因素，以此揭示研究危机处理问题的重要意义；第二章主要对中外银行危机处理方式进行了比较分析；第三章则对我国银行危机处理实践中的相关问题提出了改进意见。 （一）形成我国银行危机的主要原因本文认为，从银行自身角度看，银行高负债经营特点导致的内在不稳定性和脆弱性；银行治理结构、自我约束和自我发展机制、决策执行体系、监督机制等内控内管方面的严重缺陷；贷款向大企业、大城市、大项目、垄断行业以及贷款由短期流动资金贷款向中长期贷款集中；银行产权主体虚化导致的巨大代理风险和“内部人控制”倾向，以及从外部原因看，政府凭借所有者身份将自身动机强加于商业银行经营者导致的银行更加不稳定；社会信用缺失带给商业银行的巨大经营压力；证券、保险等其他行业风险的可能传递；社会公众对银行信心的丧失等是导致我国银行危机产生的主要诱因。（二）及时合理处置银行危机的意义 <WP=4>本文通过对银行危机的强负外部性以及对我国银行业目前潜在的危机因素的分析，指出：未雨绸缪比亡羊补牢更具有战略家意义，也更加经济和有效。面对我国可能存在的银行危机，在危机尚未爆发之前进行有关危机处理问题的研究，及早建立处置预案，及时有效地控制危机蔓延，对维护我国银行体系和社会、政治稳定具有十分重要的预案意义。1、银行危机的强负外部性首先，在信息不对称的情况下，银行间的高关联度和依存度、不断的金融创新特别是电子化手段的广泛运用使得单一的银行危机可能迅速演变为整个银行系统的危机。其次，大规模银行挤兑将引发银行业的多米诺骨牌效应，导致更多的银行破产，严重破坏整个银行体系的社会存在基础，可能导致整个银行体系的崩溃。?第三，银行危机将使信用创造机制遭受严重破坏，经济发展正常需要的货币供给量无法得到保证。此外，银行危机的爆发损害了银行系统配置资金的能力，使银行和企业的融资成本增加，损害经济效率，打击国家经济的发展与增长。2、我国银行业潜在的危机因素本文认为，我国银行业目前潜在的危机因素并未消失，风险正在累积。首先，我国目前银行业的不良资产比率依然偏高，资产质量堪忧；其次，资本充足率依然偏低，防范危机的物质基础并不坚实；第三，我国商业银行的盈利能力偏弱，银行业缺乏国际竞争力；第四，备付金比率在下降，支付保障水平可能受到影响。（三）银行危机处理的主要方式救助、接管、并购和倒闭是银行危机处理的四种主要方式。1、救助银行救助主要有自我救助和外部救助两种方式。自我救助主要包括组织制度重购、资金补充、机制转换和法律援助四个方面。外部救助包括同业救助、央行救助和政府救助等。同业救助主要<WP=5>是通过银行同业之间的互相救济帮助危机银行共渡难关；央行救助主要是央行以最后贷款人身份，向危机银行提供临时流动性清偿资金，但滥用央行救助可能导致商业银行对中央银行的过度依赖以及对经营风险的恣意放任；政府救助是外部救助的最主要方式，一般包括信誉救助和资金救助两个方面。 我国在银行救助方面需要加强过错责任追究，建立基于市场化的信贷产品转让市场，较好地解决同业救助中担忧“惹火烧身”，以及商业银行可能滥用央行和政府救助职能的问题。本文提出了设立危机银行同业救助基金的建议。2、接管银行接管是金融监管当局依法对经营有严重问题的银行的一种强行介入，旨在防止其资产质量和业务经营进一步恶化，保护存款人和其他债权人的利益，恢复银行的经营能力及信用秩序。具体在什么情况下应当被接管各国的法律规定不尽相同。接管的期限不能太长也不能太短。问题银行被接管后，对于有可能产生新的债权债务和不良投资的业务一般都予以中止，而原来主要依靠代理服务赚取手续费收入的中间业务，则一般在接管主体的严格监督下予以继续经营。我国在银行接管实践方面需要加强相关法律制度的可操作性以及接管主体的多样化。3、并购并购是健全银行救助有问题银行的重要方式，包括收购和合并两种情况。对危机银行救助失?更多还原

【Abstract】 With the economic development and deepening of reform in China, banking crisis constantly appears. Making the solution to banking crisis as its orientation of research, the thesis sets out to put forward some practical solutions to the problem of banking risk management.1. Main viewpoints of this thesisThis thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter analyzes the cause of the banking crisis, strong negative externalities, and latent banking crisis elements, thus revealing the significance of the research into the solution to the crisis. The second chapter presents a comparative analysis of the different ways to solve banking crisis in China and abroad. The last chapter puts forward some suggestions regarding the improvement on and perfection of the banking crisis solution in practice in China.1.1 Central factors leading to banking crisis in ChinaThe thesis argues that the central factors leading to banking crisis include: the instability and vulnerability of banks caused by high liabilities operations; severe imperfections of self constraint and management such as self regulation and development mechanism; concentration of loans in big cities, large-scale enterprises and projects, monopoly industries and medium-and- long-term loans; huge agent risk resulting from the absence of bank’s proprietor and the tendency of “ insiders’ control”, and the further instability of banks due to the fact that the government imposes its own motives on the commercial banks; the great pressure caused by the absence of social credit; the possible transmission of the risks from other industries such as securities and insurance; social distrust in banks.1.2 The importance of timely and reasonable handling of banking crisis1.2.1 Strong negative externalities of banking crisisFirstly, on account of the high relevance and interdependence of banks, and the constant financial innovative, the crisis within a single banking <WP=9>institution can become the crisis in the whole banking system.Secondly, large-scale bank run will bring about chain reaction and thus the breakdown of the whole banking system.Thirdly, banking crisis will destroy the credit initiation mechanism and as a result the quantity of money supply necessary for economic development cannot be guaranteed.Besides, banking crisis undermines the banks’ capability to distribute capital, increases the financing cost of banks and enterprises and reduce the efficiency of economy.1.2.2 The latent crisis elements of China’s banksFirstly, the ratio of bad assets of China’s banking business is still relatively high.Secondly, capital adequacy ratio is comparatively low.Thirdly, the ability of commercial banks to make profits is very weak and China’s banking business lacks international competence.Fourthly, the reserve ratio is dropping and the payment guarantee capability may be affected.1.3 Main methods of handling banking crisisThere are four main methods of dealing with banking crisis: assistance, takeover, merger and acquisition, and bankruptcy.1.3.1 AssistanceThis includes self assistance and external assistance.Self assistance consists of institutional reorganization, supply of capital, transition of mechanism, and legal assistance.External assistance includes: inter-bank assistance, central bank assistance, and governmental assistance.1.3.2 TakeoverBanking takeover is the compulsory interference of financial supervision authorities with badly-performing banks aiming at preventing their capital quality and operations from deteriorating, protecting the rights of depositors and other creditors, and recovering the operational capability <WP=10>of banks and the credit order.1.3.3 Merger and acquisitionM&A is an important way of assisting problem banks by sound banks. When the assistance fails and takeover cannot be carried out, or the cost is too high for the bank to go bankrupt, M&A is frequently utilized. In the acquisition, the bank acquired no longer exists or continues with更多还原