【作者】 王琦；

【导师】 张恩和； 李凤民；

【作者基本信息】 甘肃农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 限制半干旱地区农业可持续发展的关键因素是水，天然降水的总量不足和供需错位是该地区农业生产所面临的首要问题，提高当年的降水利用效率已成为解决该地区粮食产量的主要途径。农田沟垄微型集雨种植技术能够提高降水水分利用效率，可以提高作物的产量，为提高半干旱地区农业水平提供了一条较理想的途径。本研究以沟垄微型集雨的生态水文循环特征研究为基础，采用沟垄微型集雨马铃薯种植，研究不同下垫面材料和不同沟垄比的水文循环过程及其对马铃薯产量及生长环境的影响，寻找最佳的沟垄比和较适宜的集雨下垫面材料，为沟垄微型集雨马铃薯种植模式提供技术支撑。通过研究，取得以下主要结论： 1．通过平均产流法算得膜垄的集水效率为90％，土垄的集水效率为16.8％；通过直线回归分析法得到原土夯实集水面临界产流降雨量为2.83mm，产流后的集水效率为24.6％塑料膜集水面临界产流降雨量为0.231mm，产流后的集水效率为91.1％。 2．对于膜垄，沟中、沟边的土壤含水量高于垄中，在集雨中期（6月上旬至7月中旬）沟中与垄中的土壤含水量相差最大，沟、垄含水量相差3.91％；对于土垄，在集雨前期（4月下旬至5月下旬）和集雨中期，沟中、沟边的土壤含水量小于垄中，在集雨后期（7月下旬至8月下旬），沟中、沟边的土壤含水量高于垄中，沟、垄含水量相差2.41％，表现出和膜垄的相似性。 3．随着降雨量的增多各处理间的贮水量差异更加明显，集雨中期，膜垄间的含水量相差最大，MR30、MR45和MR60在140cm土层的平均土壤含水量分别为12.09％、12.44％和15.28％，60cm膜垄的土壤水分含量最大，土垄处理之间的贮水量差异没有膜垄明显，土垄处理土壤水分含量略大于平作处理，在集雨后期，土垄间的含水量相差最大，ER30、ER45、ER60和平作在200cm土层的平均土壤含水量别为7.22％、5.09％、5.61％和4.40％，。 4．马铃薯耕地的土壤入渗速率略大于水文地土壤入渗速率，其原因与马铃薯根系的下扎作用和土壤生物活动有关，在同一范围（如地表下10cm）内马铃薯地和水文地K_fs、φ_m、α、△θ、S变异不大。 5．在全生长期水文地膜垄的蒸发量大于平作，平作蒸发量略大于土垄。在全生长期MR30、MR45、MR60、ER30、ER45、ER60和平作处理蒸发量分别为314.69mm、316.24mm、311.95mm、212.35mm、209.31mm和199.24mm，236.39mm。 6．膜垄和土垄可以提高土壤的含水量，在0-120cm深度MR30、MR45、MR60、ER30、ER45和ER60的土壤贮水量分别比对照高91.89mm、78.07mm、98.37mm、61.83mm、44.37mm、和34.46mm（8月4日测定）。 7．MR30、MR45、和MR60在全生长期的蒸发量分别为314.69mm、316.24mm、311.95mm，ER30、ER45和ER60在全生长期的蒸发量分别为212.35mm、209.3lmm和199.24mm，平作在全生长期的蒸发量为236.39mm，膜垄和土垄田间的作物耗水量高于平作，耗水量并随着垄面积所占沟面积比例的增加而增加。 8.随生育期延伸，膜垄集水处理干物质增幅逐渐变大，而土垄集水处理和平作处理的干物质积累过程比较平缓。膜垄的干物质积累大于土垄和平作。 9.通过经济产量比较，在膜垄处理中，MR30处理单位面积经济产量最高，但与MR45处理相差不明显，却明显高于MR60处理;膜垄处理经济产量显著高于土垄和平作处理。在土垄处理中，ER30处理的产量最高，其次为ER45和ER60处理。膜垄的最佳垄宽为38.87cm，土垄的最佳垄宽为36.66cm。更多还原

【Abstract】 Water is the crucial factor that limits sustainable agriculture development in semiarid region. Inadequacy of total rainfall and inconsistency of raining season with plants growth stage are the first problem to the agriculture production in these areas, so improving rainfall use efficiency is the main way to solve grain supply. The technique of farmland water micro-collection with ridges and furrows can improve rainfall use efficiency as well as it can improve the crop yield, which provides an ideal way for improving agriculture standard in semiarid region. Based on characteristic of ecological hydrology circulation of water micro-collection with ridges and furrows, by studying potato planting technology under water micro-collection with ridges and furrows, the hydrology circulation of different pad materials and different furrow:ridge ratio and its influence to potato yield and growth environment, the study aims at seeking the optimum furrow: ridge ratio and the suitable pad material to provide technique for potato planting model under water micro-collection with ridges and furrows . The main results is followed:1. The average runoff efficiency (expressed as a ratio of runoff to rainfall) was 90% for plastic-covered ridge and only 16. 8% for ridge with compacted earth, The average runoff efficiency (by straight line regression analysis) is 91% for plastic-covered ridge and only 24.6% for ridge with compacted earth. Minimal rainfall necessary to produce runoff is 0.231mm for plastic-covered ridge and 2. 83mm for bare ridge .2. The soil water content in middle and beside of furrow is higher than in middle of ridge for plastic-covered ridge in all growth stages, The soil water content in middle and beside of furrow is less than in middle of ridge with compacted earth in early and middle growth stages, but soil water content of ridge with compacted earth is similar to plastic-covered ridge in later growth stage .3. Variation of soil moisture are becoming clearly in different treatments with increasing of rainfall ;60 cm plastic-covered is the highest in soil moisturein all mulching ridge treatments; variation of soil moisture is not notable in different ridges with compacted earth , but soil moisture in ridge with compacted earth is higher than in contrast.4. Because of growth of potato root and movement of small animals in soil , speed of water permeated the soil in potato farmland is quickly than in hydrology land. The parameter between hydrology land and potato farmland is not significant difference in same soil depth , such as Kfs, S.5. Evaporation is higher in plastic-covered treatment than in contrast evaporation which is little higher than that of ridge with compacted earth in all growth period. Evaporation of MR30, MR45, MR60, ER30, ER45, ER60 and contrast is 314. 69mm, 316. 24mm, 311.95mm, 212. 35mm, 209. 31mm, 199. 24mm , 236.39mm, respectively.6.Plastic-covered ridge and ridge with compacted earth may significantly increase soil moisture; in depth of 0-120cm soil moisture of MR30, MR45, MR60, ER30, ER45 and ER60 is higher than contrast by 91. 89mm, 78. 07mm, 98. 37mm, 61. 83mm, 44. 37mm, and 34. 46mm, respectively (measured in 14, August).7. Plants consume more water in plastic-covered ridge and in ridge with compacted earth than in contrast and the consumption are becoming more along with the increasing of ridge area.8. Speed of potato dry-matter accumulation is becoming more quickly in plastic-covered treatment along with growth stage, but the speed is slower in ridge with compacted earth and in contrast compared with plastic-covered treatment.9. By tuber yield comparison , variation of tuber yield between MR30 and MR45 is not notable, but variation of economical yield between MR30 and MR60 is significant. The rule of tuber yield is similar to ridge with compacted earth and tuber yield of plastic-covered treatment is the higher than ridge with compacted earth and contrast. The optimum furrow:ridge ratio is 38. 78cm:60cm in plastic-covered treatment, and 36. 6更多还原