【作者】 闻待；

【导师】 訚金童；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 教育经济与管理， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 教育集团是教育领域，也是经济领域中的一个新生事物，上个世纪80年代末起在世界范围内兴起，在中国也呈现出一个蓬蓬勃勃的发展态势。教育集团是社会政治经济的作用下的一个历史现象，是优质教育资源严重短缺和教育选择迫切需求的矛盾结果，也是教育多元化体制变革的一个重要趋势。本文在对国内基础教育的集团办学的实证考察的基础上，试图对教育集团作一个理论上的建设和实践上的分析，以期明确教育集团的本质属性及其相对规范的运作。从创新的角度而言，笔者作了这些方面的探索：一．教育集团的概念：通过对国内外教育集团的仔细分析，笔者将教育集团的概念定义为：为了实现教育资源的优化配置，主要通过一定的产权纽带和契约纽带，以学校经营为主营业务，至少有二个以上的学校法人和教育相关产业组织组成的教育经济联合体。在此基础上，针对教育集团与普通独立的学校的区别，总结出教育集团的五个基本特征：集团资源的规模性、集团管理的专业性、集团功能的多样性、资金来源的广泛性、组织结构的层次性。在与企业（集团）对比的基础上，总结出教育集团的五个运作规律：教育稳定性与市场变化性的统一、教育迟效性与合理回报的预期性的统一、教育公益性与资本寻利性的统一、学校自主性与集团计划性的统一。二．教育集团的发展动因：论文将教育集团的发展放在知识经济的大背景下进行考察，从经济、法律、理论基础和教育发展的需求等四个方面探讨教育集团的发展动因。主要从市场经济的多元格局、《民办教育促进法》颁布的契机、教育产业的观念基础、教育选择及民办教育的生存危机和发展要求等方面来分析教育集团的必然趋势。强调了教育集团是一个多种合力作用下的必然的历史现象。三．教育集团的形成：当前的教育集团多是经济、教育发展下的自然结果，剖析这种办学模式形成的经济学意义，对教育集团的形成会有一个更为理性的认识，从而在实践中确保其原始的经济学意义上的价值实现。论文从传统经济学的规模经济理论入手，<WP=4>探讨了教育集团规模经济形成的原因，对传统的规模质量观进行了剖析，分析规模经济产生的专业和整合效应与质量之间的正向关系。新制度经济学的交易成本的引入对教育集团的形成做出了一个富有解释力的说法，这种“学校（公司）、市场、政府”的最佳替代能有效地减少交易费用。进一步拓展到交易费用中的制度成本，论文论述的教育集团这种制度创新，尤其是产权制度的优势对国家整个的教育发展和教育集团自身的创新机制的建立的有效性。四．教育集团的监控与激励机制：通过对教育集团中的代理关系的分析，将教育集团的权力制衡机构划分为三层关系：投资者与董事会、集团董事会与教育管理公司经理（核心学校总校长）、学校董事会与学校校长，并对后两层关系做了一个具体的描述。在此基础上，对教育集团这种特殊的教育经济组织中的关键人物——职业化校长的价值做了一个重新审视，尤其强调通过薪酬激励和事业激励来强化职业化校长的激励机制，培育职业化校长市场。五．教育集团的运作：教育集团的运作模式各异，论文没有试图归纳出几个模式，而只是选取了目前国内四个颇有代表意义且较为成功的集团的案例，通过对它们运作中的制度创新的具体描述，来理解教育集团运作中最为关键的几个要素，诸如品牌运作、资金运作、专业管理、制度设计等。在此基础上，归纳出四个重要结论：教育集团成员构成没有禁区；教育集团的发展有赖于政府产业政策的支持；教育集团必须具有自我创新能力；教育集团的资产经营与学校经营必须分离。六．教育集团的发展策略建议：针对教育集团中普遍存在的问题，对制约国内教育集团发展的因素进行了深入剖析，在此基础上，提出教育集团要着眼于打造集团核心竞争力，从治理结构调整、专业化管理、资本经营能力开发、人力资源开发、文化、品牌等无形资产开发和办学成本控制等六个方面来完善和规范教育集团的运作，以获得集团持续、健康的发展。七．政策性建议：教育集团的发展有赖于一个宽松的外部政策环境，政府应积极构建与教育产业发展相适应的教育资本市场环境，打通教育与资本之间的通道。此外，加强制度建设，促进行业自律，使得教育集团一定规范地发展。最后，由于教育的公益性特点和教育产业特有的“高成本、高投入、高风险”特点，政策设计应积极为教育集团（包括所有的民办学校）提供财政支持，开放教育市场，促进公平竞争，从而改善教育供给，通过中国教育的大发展来实现真正的教育公平。更多还原

【Abstract】 Education groups are new things not only in the field of education but economy. They have sprung up since the late 1980s and been growing vigorously in China. Education groups are a historical phenomenon under the influence of society, polities and economy; a result of contradiction between severe lack of quality education sources and an urgent need of educational selection; an important trend of educational polysystem reform.Based on the concrete evidence of internal education run by the groups, the paper tries to analyze theoretically the construction and practice of education groups , and make clear the essence and relatively regular performance of them. From a innovative perspective ,the author explores the followings:Ⅰ The concept of education group: By carefully analyzing the internal and external education groups, the author defines education group: an educational economy coalition combined with at least two school legal persons and other industrial organization related to education, whose main business is running school by a tie of the property right and the contracts, with an aim of realizing optimization allocation of educational sources. On this basis, taking the consideration the distinction between education groups and ordinary independent schools. The present paper sum up five basic features: the scale of the groups’ sources, the professionalism of the groups’ management, the diversity of the groups’ function, the extensiveness of capital source, the multi-levelness of organization structure. Based on the comparison with the enterprise (groups), the author sums up five operating laws of education group: the unity of stability of education and variability of market; the unity of the slowness of education and the expectiveness of reasonable repay; the unity of the public-beneficialness and profit-seeking of the capital; the unity of the freedom of schools and the planning of the groups.Ⅱ The reasons of the development of education group: Putting the development of education groups on the background of intellectual economy, the author explores the reason of it from four aspects: economy, law, theory and educational development ;he also stresses<WP=6>that education groups are an inevitable historical phenomenon influenced by several resultant forces, after analyzing the trend of education group mainly based on the polypattern of market economy, the issue of "The Enforcement Law of Non-government Education", the concept of educational industry, educational selection, existence crisis and the demand of private education.Ⅲ The formation of education group: At present, education groups mostly are the natural result of economical and educational development. Making a thorough analysis of the economic significance will make the formation of education groups understood more rationally . Therefore, the value realization of its primitive economic significance in practice. Starting with scale economy theory of traditional economics, the paper discusses the reason of the formation of scale economy of education groups, analyzes thoroughly the traditional concept of scale qualification as well as the direct proportion between the professional and combinational effects of emergence of scale economy. The introduction of transaction cost of neosystem economics explains forcefully the formation of education groups, and this finest model "school (company), market, government" can reduce the cost effectively. With the extension of system cost in transaction cost, the system innovation of education groups that this paper argues, especially the advantage of property system is effective to national education development and the innovation system of education groups.Ⅳ The mechanism of monitoring and stimulation of education group: Through the analysis on the agential relationship in the educational group, the power balanced organization can be divided into three strata: investors vs. the board, the board vs manager of educational management company (general president of nuclear school), school board vs. sc更多还原