【作者】 胡宏；

【导师】 郭文善； 彭永欣； 封超年；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 试验于1999～2001年在扬州大学农业部作物栽培生理重点实验室试验场进行，以强筋小麦皖麦38、中筋小麦扬麦10号、淮麦18、弱筋小麦宁麦9号、建麦1号为供试品种，研究施氮量、氮素运筹方式等栽培措施对不同类型专用小麦淀粉形成特性、淀粉品质特性以及产量形成的调控效应。结果如下： 1．试验结果表明：不同类型专用小麦的淀粉含量(％)、直/支比例(％)、淀粉积累动态、花后剑叶、籽粒可溶性糖含量、分支酶活性等存在差异。相同施氮量和氮肥运筹下，直链淀粉含量(％)以中筋小麦扬麦10号最高，支链淀粉含量(％)、总淀粉含量(％)则以弱筋小麦宁麦9号最高，直/支比例以中筋小麦淮麦18最高。强、弱势粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉含量和积累量均呈“S”型曲线上升，强势粒直链淀粉积累速率花后25～30天达到峰值，支链淀粉和总淀粉积累速率花后20～25天达到峰值；弱势粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉积累速率均在花后20～25天达到峰值。强、弱势粒淀粉积累动态均可用Logistic方程拟合，方程可得支链淀粉积累快速合成期早于直链淀粉。花后剑叶可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量在花后20～25天达到峰值；从花后5天～成熟期籽粒可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量均呈下降趋势；强势粒Q酶活性花后10天达到峰值，弱势粒花后5天时酶活性最高，强势粒Q酶活性表达时间迟于弱势粒。 2．籽粒胚乳细胞中淀粉体均为单粒淀粉，强筋小麦皖麦38籽粒背部、腹部淀粉粒被基质蛋白质形成的鞘完全包被，其淀粉粒间蛋白质鞘明显多于中筋、弱筋小麦，弱筋小麦淀粉粒间蛋白质鞘最少。各品种籽粒背部均以Ⅰ、Ⅱ型淀粉粒为主，腹部以Ⅱ、Ⅲ型淀粉粒为主，背部淀粉粒形成时间早于腹部，且充实度好于扬州大学硕士学位论文腹部。扬麦10号面粉峰值粘度最高，皖麦38峰值粘度最低，品种间直链淀粉含量、直/支比例与反弹值分别呈显著、极显著正相关(r=0.8732，、r=0.9759为。 3.氮素对不同类型专用小麦淀粉含量、直/支比例、淀粉积累动态、花后剑叶、籽粒可溶性糖含量、分支酶活性等有显著调控效应。皖麦38、扬麦10号、淮麦18、建麦l号，增加施氮量、氮肥后移，籽粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉含量均呈下降趋势。氮素对宁麦9号直链淀粉含量调控效应与其它品种不同，支链淀粉、总淀粉含量变化与其它品种一致。增加施氮量和氮肥后移剑叶可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量增加;氮肥后移强势粒、弱势粒可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量降低;增加施氮量，强势粒可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量上升。 4.增加施氮量、氮肥后移，籽粒基质蛋白积累增加，淀粉积累减少，特别是减少小粒淀粉粒数目。氮肥后移皖麦38峰值粘度呈上升趋势，反弹值呈下降趋势;增加施氮量，峰值粘度和反弹值均呈上升趋势:施氮量增加，扬麦10号峰值粘度、反弹值呈下降趋势，宁麦9号反弹值呈上升趋势，峰值粘度变化趋势不明显;品种内淀粉直/支比例与反弹值显著正相关。增加施氮量、氮肥后移，籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉干、湿面筋含量以及面团吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间等品质指标均上升，提高强筋、中筋小麦籽粒品质;减少施氮量、氮肥前移，提高弱筋小麦籽粒品质。 5.穗数、千粒重、产量在品种间、施氮量间、氮肥运筹间差异极显著，每穗粒数在品种间、氮肥运筹间差异极显著，各品种均以24Okg/ha施氮量、氮肥运筹3:l:3:3处理产量最高。高产群体籽粒灌浆强度高、成熟期生物产量、花后干物质积累量和花后积累量占籽粒干重的比例均高。 6.本试验条件下，强筋小麦、中筋小麦，24Okg/ha施氮量、氮肥运筹3:1:3:3处理符合优质、高产、高效要求;弱筋小麦18Okg/ha施氮量、氮肥运筹7:1:2处理可实现优质、高效。更多还原

【Abstract】 The effects of nitrogen applying amount and the ratio of basal: top dressing N on starch and yield formation in wheat (Tr. aestivum L.) for different end uses, ie strong gluten type variety Wanmai 38, medium gluten type varieties Yangmai 10 and Huaimai 18, weak gluten type varieties Ningmai 9 and Jiangmai 1, were studied on the Experiment Field of Crop Cultivation and Physiology Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University in 1999-2001. The main results were as follows.1. Starch content, amylose/amylopectin ratio, starch accumulating dynamic, soluble sugar content in flag leaves and grains after anthesis, branch enzyme activities among different varieties for special end uses were significantly different. With the same nitrogen applying amount and the ratio of basal: top dressing N, Yangmai 10 had the highest amylose content, Ningmai 9 had the highest amylopectin and total starch contents, and Huaimai 18 had the greatest ratio of amylose to amylopectin. The content and the accumulated amount of amylose, amylopectin and total starch in strong grains and weak grains showed "S" type dynamic change. Amylose accumulating rate of strong grains reached its peak on 25-30th day after anthesis (DAA). The accumulation rate of amylopectin and total starch reached peaks on the same time, ie 20-25th DAA. The accumulation rate of amylose, amylopectin, total starch in weak grains all reached peaks on 20-25th DAA. Logistic equation could be used to match the starch accumulation dynamics of strong and weak grains. The accumulation of amylopectin was earlier than that of amylose. On 20-25th DAA, the content of total soluble sugar and sucrose in flag leaves reached the maximum value. The content of total soluble sugar and sucrose in grains decreased from 5th DAA to maturity. Q enzyme activity in strong grains reached its peak on 10th DAA, while in weak grains reached the highest on 5th DAA. The expression time of Q enzyme activity in strong grains was later than that in weak grains.2. Starch granules in wheat grain endosperm cells were single-granule type. The starch granules in both dorsal and ventral sides of grains in strong gluten wheat were wrapped by the protein sheath, the number of protein sheaths around starch granuleswas more than that in medium gluten wheat and weak gluten wheat. The starch granules in dorsal side were mainly types I and II ,but in ventral side mainly types II and III.The formation of starch granules in the dorsal side was earlier than in ventral side of grains, and the filling was better. The flour peak viscosity of Yangmai 10 was the highest, while that of Wanmai 38 was the lowest. Among varieties, amylose content and amylose/amylopectin ratio were significantly positively correlated with setback value, respectively(r =0.8732,r =0.9759).3. Regulation of nitrogen fertilizer on starch content, amylose/amylopectin ratio, starch accumulating dynamic, soluble sugar content in flag leaves and grains after anthesis, branch enzyme activity among different wheat varieties for special end uses was significant. For Wanmai 38 , Yangmai 10, Huaimai 18,Jianmai l,the amylose, amylopectin and total starch contents decreased with the increase of applied nitrogen amount or the percentage of top dressing N . The effect of nitrogen on amylose content in Ningmai 9 was different from other varieties. But the amylopectin ,total starch contents of Ningmai 9 had the same trends with other varieties. The content of total soluble sugar and sucrose in flag leaves increased, but the contents of total soluble sugar and sucrose in strong and weak grains decreased when the applied nitrogen amount increased or the percentage of top dressing N raised.4. The protein accumulation amount increased and the number of small starch granules decreased when the nitrogen applying amount increased or the percentage of top dressing N raised. The peak viscosity of Wanmai 38 increased, and setback value decreased when the percentage of top dressing N raised. The peak viscosity and setback value of Yangmai更多还原