图像式远程目标微小位移监测系统的设计与实现

【作者】 钱雪彪；

【导师】 刘永智；

【作者基本信息】 电子科技大学 ， 光学工程， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 近年来随着各类水工建筑物、大型桥梁、高层建筑物的日益增多，各类建筑及其周边环境的安全监控变得十分重要。由于物体（山体、大坝、桥梁等）发生重大事故之前一般都有一个缓慢的变形过程，而物体的变形表现为其许多组成部分的位置发生改变，因此可以通过监测物体各个组成部分的微小位移分析出其变形情况及其发展趋势，实现对各种物体安全性能的监控。针对远程目标微小位移监测系统国内外开展了一系列的研究，也初步建立了一些实验性的系统，例如GPS山体滑坡监控系统、真空激光大坝安全监测系统等，但是由于这些系统大多具有成本过高、安装和使用过于复杂等缺点，一直无法得到广泛的应用，因此到目前为止可以实用化的微小位移自动监测系统还是非常缺少。基于以上考虑，本论文把工作定位在研制一套能够用于远程目标微小位移监测的高精度、低功耗、使用方便并且具有多点监测以及远程通信能力的自动监测系统上。该系统设计的基本思路是使用CCD摄取目标图像，通过监控目标中心在图像中的位置变化实现对远程目标微小位移的准确监测。本论文的主要工作如下：1 对监测系统的总体结构、硬件以及软件进行了详尽的设计。系统以PC/104嵌入式计算机为控制核心，利用激光、CCD和图像处理技术共同实现目标位移监测；采用PC/104总线构建硬件系统实现系统的小型化、低功耗以及高可靠性需求；使用步进电机与经纬仪使系统具有多点监测功能；利用RS232串口和数传电台使系统可以与远程控制中心进行通信。2 对影响系统测量精度以及可靠性的主要因素进行了深入的分析，并且根据这些分析提出了相应的解决方法。例如通过对靶标光源以及成像系统的合理设计克服大气衰减影响；通过采集多幅图像求平均的方法克服大气湍流带来的像点抖动；利用目标定位误差校正、建立高精度参考站等方法大幅度提高系统测量精度；采用光斑细分技术突破成像系统的分辨极限；通过对图<WP=4>像处理算法的合理设计使系统可以适应各种背景条件，实现对各种环境下目标的全天候高精度监测。3 对大部分设计工作进行了理论证明和实验验证，并取得了一系列具有较大借鉴意义的结果。 论文在完成以上工作之后，初步建立了一套目标距离1km、测量位移分辨率1cm、能进行多点监测以及远程通信、同时适应各种天气变化的小型、自动监测系统。它具有成本低、可靠性高、体积和功耗小、安装和使用都非常方便等特点，可以很好的用于山体、桥梁、大坝等各类物体的安全监控工作，有较大的理论和实用价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the increasing application of dam, huge bridges and highrise, it seems more and more important to monitor the security of all kinds of buildings and their surroundings. The deformation of objects (such as mountains, dams and bridges) is shown as the changing in space of heaps of components, which always occurring before a serious accident happened. Thus, we can monitor the security functions of various objects through monitoring the micro displacement of each component.Research of the monitor system of the micro displacement of long distance objects has been widely launched. Some experimental system has already been preliminarily built, such as the landslide monitor system using GPS technology and the monitor system using the vacuum laser beam. But these systems mostly are too complicated to use and cost too much, which makes it difficult to be widely used. To take account all these, the purpose of this paper is to explore a new automatic monitor system, which is capable of measuring several objects and communicating with the control center at long distance with low power loss, convenience and high-precision.　The main idea is to measure the object’s micro displacement using laser、CCD and image processing technology. The main work of this paper is given as follows:1.A detailed design of monitor system is treated, including the overall structure, hardware and software. The system is to measure the object’s displacement using laser, CCD and image processing technology, miniaturize the system using the PC/104 Embedded-PC, capacitate the system to measure several objects using the odolite and stepper motor and to communicate with the control center at long distance using RS232 serial and microwave communication facility.2.Presents a thorough analysis of main factors restricting the system<WP=6>performance and creditability, and the according solutions are given. For example, system overcomes the impact which caused by atmospheric attenuate by optimizeing the optical source and optical system, overcome the impact which caused by atmospheric turbulence by averaging several image, improve the system precision greatly using the aim deviation compensation technology, break through the limiting resolution of optical system using the subdividing facula technology and capacitate the system in working order all day and adapt to all kinds of background using the advanced image processing technology.3.Demonstrations of most design work by theory and experiment are given, which yields heaps of results with great meaning of reference.After completing all these works, the preliminary system has been created which are typical of low cost、minimum volume、automaticity and high-precision. In addition, this system can in working order all day and is adapt to all kinds of weather conditions. The realization of the preliminary system is the base of commercialization product and has great theoretical and practical value.更多还原