【作者】 陈振宇；

【导师】 杨锦忠；

【作者基本信息】 山西农业大学 ， 作物栽培与耕作学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 本题目研究的目的是在黄土高原丘陵区研究大田农作物应用节水渗灌技术来提高其对水资源的利用效率。针对北方旱区土壤水分运动存在冬季缓慢散墒、春季进入强烈跑墒期以及玉米在不同生长期需水差异这一特点，试验设计提出了节水渗灌这一技术的田间试验方案，比较不同时期的供水状况，最后确认在最佳的供水条件下的玉米生长指标及产量指标，提出一套较实用的玉米渗灌节水生产技术。 试验主要通过田间试验，结合一定的技术分析方法，初步研究了大田玉米渗灌技术的节水增产机理，试验采用成本低易普及的针孔硬塑料管，以提高效益成本比。在大田试验前，做了渗灌土壤水分运动规律试验，然后，在大田试验中设置了四个处理，即：三个水平渗灌区和一个漫灌区对照。结果表明：(1)渗灌区的实际灌水量比漫灌区下降了58.15％～81.63％。水分利用效率比漫灌增加50.5％—81.7％。综合考虑灌水量与产量的合理成本效益比和旱区的缺水问题，优先采用灌水量为133.33mm的渗灌。水分利用效率达到23.1kg／mm·hm~2，实际灌水量比漫灌区下降了69.88％，效果明显。(2)渗灌促进玉米个体发育。从叶位、全株叶面积和株高来看，渗灌B、C区较渗灌A和漫灌D都有良好的光合作用基础和生长发育优势，这种株型有利于籽粒产量的增加，群体光合作用增加，籽粒积累增加，最终的产量都达到10000 Kg／hm~2以上的高产量和81％以上的出籽率。(3)渗灌极大地改善了玉米的土壤—水分微环境。从土壤含水量测定分析看，在20～70cm土层，渗灌水分含量一直维持在玉米正常所需的14％～22％范围内，而漫灌分两次灌水，在每次灌水前一段时间水分含量要下降到14％以下，出现水分胁迫，尤其影响到玉米的前期生长。每次灌水后地表高温蒸发和地下渗漏又损耗很多水分，也直接降低了生育期的水分利用率。(4)渗灌对地温良好的调节作用。渗灌地表温度一直保持较高，生育期内多次小水量灌水，对夏季午间土壤极端温度有一定的调节作用。地温的提升，有利于玉米根系对水肥养分的吸收。更多还原

【Abstract】 This article aimed to study how to improve the utilization of the water resources by applying the technology of filtration irrigation to the plowland croppers in the hills area of loess tableland. This experiment was designed according to the special soil moisture in the north in China as well as the different water requirements in the different growth periods of the maize. The author put forward a practical technique by comparing the water-supply conditions in the different periods of time and ensuring the growth target and the yield target under the best water-supply condition.It offered a preliminary research based on the field experiment to study the mechanism of how to increase yield by water filtration irrigation in a technological way. The pinhole rigid plastic tube was used to improve the cost to efficiency ratio. A experiment on the water movement rule of the soil had been done before the field experiment, and then four irrigation regimes were placed in it, that is to say, three sub- irrigated areas hi contrast to a general irrigated area.(1)The actual amount of water used to irrigate in the filtration irrigated area was reduced by 58.15% to 81.63% compared with the general irrigated area, and the ultilization ratio of the moisture content increases by 50.5% to 81.7% . Considering of the above advantages and the problem of water shortage , the area B should be adopted.(2)Filtration irrigation accelerated the growth of the individual maize plants. The area B and C have good basement of photosynthesis and advantage of growth which was good for increasing the seeds > yield and photosynthesis, eventually to reach a high yield and high seed ratio.(3)Filtration irrigation greatly unproved the soil about the maize-the micro moisture environment. Under the filtration irrigation, the water content could remained a fit range from 14 to 22 percent in the layer of 20 to 70 cm deep, However, the general irrigation could reduce the moisture utilization during the growing period of the maize.(4)Filtration irrigation could well adjust the soil temperature so that the root system made a sufficient absorption of the moisture and mineral nutrinents.更多还原